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1 Plant Health Care, Inc.
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Plant Health Care, Inc.
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2 CARE
keə
1. noun1) (close attention: Do it with care.) cuidado2) (keeping; protection: Your belongings will be safe in my care.) cuidado3) ((a cause for) worry: free from care; all the cares of the world.) preocupación4) (treatment: medical care; skin care.) cuidado, tratamiento
2. verb1) (to be anxious or concerned: Don't you care if you fail?; I couldn't care less (= It's of no importance to me); She really cares about her career.) preocuparse2) (to be willing (to): Would you care to have dinner with me?) querer, gustar•- careful- carefully
- carefulness
- careless
- carelessly
- carelessness
- carefree
- caregiver
- caretaker
- careworn
- care for
- care of
- take care
- take care of
care1 n1. cuidado2. preocupación3. asistenciato take care tener cuidado / vigilartake care if you go swimming here ¡ten cuidado si nadas aquí!care2 vb importarI don't care what happens! ¡no me importa lo que pase!tr[keəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (attention, carefulness) cuidado, atención nombre femenino2 (sympathetic concern, protection) cuidado, atención nombre femenino3 (charge, protection, responsibility) cuidado■ we are responsible for children in our care somos responsables de los niños que están a nuestro cargo1 (be worried, be concerned) preocuparse ( about, por), importar■ don't you care about the environment? ¿no te preocupa el medio ambiente?■ I don't care no me importa, me da igual■ see if I care! ¡me trae sin cuidado!, ¡me da igual!■ who cares! ¡y a mí qué!1 (feel concern, mind) importar2 formal use (like, want) gustar■ would you care to dance? ¿te gustaría bailar?\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLcare of... (on envelopes)■ Judith Brown, care of Mrs M. Wells Sra. M. Wells (a la atención de Judith Brown)'Handle with care' "Frágil"not to care less importarle a uno un bledo, traerle a uno sin cuidadoto take care of oneself cuidarseto take care of somebody (child) cuidar a/de alguien, estar al cuidado de alguien 2 (patient) atender a, cuidar deto take care of something (business, matters, etc) ocuparse de algo, encargarse de algo 2 (pet, plant, car, etc) cuidarto take somebody into care internar a alguien en un centro de protección de menoresmedical care asistencia médica1) : importarle a unothey don't care: no les importa2) : preocuparse, inquietarseshe cares about the poor: se preocupa por los pobres3)to care for tend: cuidar (de), atender, encargarse de4)to care for cherish: querer, sentir cariño por5)to care for like: gustarle (algo a uno)I don't care for your attitude: tu actitud no me agradacare vtwish: desear, quererif you care to go: si deseas ircare n1) anxiety: inquietud f, preocupación f2) carefulness: cuidado m, atención fhandle with care: manejar con cuidado3) charge: cargo m, cuidado m4)to take care of : cuidar (de), atender, encargarse den.• cargo s.m.• cuidado s.m.• cuita s.f.• detenimiento s.m.• guardia s.f.• miramiento s.m.• primor s.m.• pulso s.m.• recaudo s.m.• solicitud s.f.v.• cuidar v.ker, keə(r)
I
1) u (attention, carefulness) cuidado m, atención fto take care — tener* cuidado
to take care over o with something — poner* cuidado en algo, cuidar algo
he took care that all the figures were correct — se aseguró de que todas las cifras eran las correctas
2) u ( of people)medical care — asistencia f médica; (of animals, things) cuidado m
her children were taken into care — (BrE Soc Admin) le quitaron la patria potestad
in care of — (AmE)
care of — (BrE) ( on letters) en casa de
3) to take care of somebody/somethinga) ( look after) \<\<of patient\>\> atender* a alguien, cuidar de alguien; \<\<of children\>\> cuidar a or de alguien, ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien; \<\<of pet/plant/machine\>\> cuidar algotake care! — ( saying goodbye) cuídate!, que estés bien!; ( as a warning) ten cuidado!
b) ( deal with) ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien/algothat takes care of that! — listo!, eso ya está!
4) c u ( worry) preocupación f
II
1.
to care (ABOUT something/somebody) — preocuparse (por algo/alguien)
I don't care — no me importa, me es or me da igual
2.
vta) ( feel concern) (usu neg, interrog)I couldn't care less what he does — me tiene or me trae sin cuidado lo que haga, no me importa en absoluto lo que haga
who cares what she thinks? — ¿y a quién le importa lo que ella piense?
b) ( wish) (frml)to care to + INF: would you care to join us for dinner? ¿le gustaría cenar con nosotros?; he needs her more than he cares to admit — la necesita más de lo que está dispuesto a reconocer
Phrasal Verbs:- care for[kɛǝ(r)]N ABBR (US) = Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere sociedad benéfica* * *[ker, keə(r)]
I
1) u (attention, carefulness) cuidado m, atención fto take care — tener* cuidado
to take care over o with something — poner* cuidado en algo, cuidar algo
he took care that all the figures were correct — se aseguró de que todas las cifras eran las correctas
2) u ( of people)medical care — asistencia f médica; (of animals, things) cuidado m
her children were taken into care — (BrE Soc Admin) le quitaron la patria potestad
in care of — (AmE)
care of — (BrE) ( on letters) en casa de
3) to take care of somebody/somethinga) ( look after) \<\<of patient\>\> atender* a alguien, cuidar de alguien; \<\<of children\>\> cuidar a or de alguien, ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien; \<\<of pet/plant/machine\>\> cuidar algotake care! — ( saying goodbye) cuídate!, que estés bien!; ( as a warning) ten cuidado!
b) ( deal with) ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien/algothat takes care of that! — listo!, eso ya está!
4) c u ( worry) preocupación f
II
1.
to care (ABOUT something/somebody) — preocuparse (por algo/alguien)
I don't care — no me importa, me es or me da igual
2.
vta) ( feel concern) (usu neg, interrog)I couldn't care less what he does — me tiene or me trae sin cuidado lo que haga, no me importa en absoluto lo que haga
who cares what she thinks? — ¿y a quién le importa lo que ella piense?
b) ( wish) (frml)to care to + INF: would you care to join us for dinner? ¿le gustaría cenar con nosotros?; he needs her more than he cares to admit — la necesita más de lo que está dispuesto a reconocer
Phrasal Verbs:- care for -
3 care
keə
1. noun1) (close attention: Do it with care.) cuidado2) (keeping; protection: Your belongings will be safe in my care.) cuidado3) ((a cause for) worry: free from care; all the cares of the world.) preocupación4) (treatment: medical care; skin care.) cuidado, tratamiento
2. verb1) (to be anxious or concerned: Don't you care if you fail?; I couldn't care less (= It's of no importance to me); She really cares about her career.) preocuparse2) (to be willing (to): Would you care to have dinner with me?) querer, gustar•- careful- carefully
- carefulness
- careless
- carelessly
- carelessness
- carefree
- caregiver
- caretaker
- careworn
- care for
- care of
- take care
- take care of
care1 n1. cuidado2. preocupación3. asistenciato take care tener cuidado / vigilartake care if you go swimming here ¡ten cuidado si nadas aquí!care2 vb importarI don't care what happens! ¡no me importa lo que pase!tr[keəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (attention, carefulness) cuidado, atención nombre femenino2 (sympathetic concern, protection) cuidado, atención nombre femenino3 (charge, protection, responsibility) cuidado■ we are responsible for children in our care somos responsables de los niños que están a nuestro cargo1 (be worried, be concerned) preocuparse ( about, por), importar■ don't you care about the environment? ¿no te preocupa el medio ambiente?■ I don't care no me importa, me da igual■ see if I care! ¡me trae sin cuidado!, ¡me da igual!■ who cares! ¡y a mí qué!1 (feel concern, mind) importar2 formal use (like, want) gustar■ would you care to dance? ¿te gustaría bailar?\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLcare of... (on envelopes)■ Judith Brown, care of Mrs M. Wells Sra. M. Wells (a la atención de Judith Brown)'Handle with care' "Frágil"not to care less importarle a uno un bledo, traerle a uno sin cuidadoto take care of oneself cuidarseto take care of somebody (child) cuidar a/de alguien, estar al cuidado de alguien 2 (patient) atender a, cuidar deto take care of something (business, matters, etc) ocuparse de algo, encargarse de algo 2 (pet, plant, car, etc) cuidarto take somebody into care internar a alguien en un centro de protección de menoresmedical care asistencia médica1) : importarle a unothey don't care: no les importa2) : preocuparse, inquietarseshe cares about the poor: se preocupa por los pobres3)to care for tend: cuidar (de), atender, encargarse de4)to care for cherish: querer, sentir cariño por5)to care for like: gustarle (algo a uno)I don't care for your attitude: tu actitud no me agradacare vtwish: desear, quererif you care to go: si deseas ircare n1) anxiety: inquietud f, preocupación f2) carefulness: cuidado m, atención fhandle with care: manejar con cuidado3) charge: cargo m, cuidado m4)to take care of : cuidar (de), atender, encargarse den.• cargo s.m.• cuidado s.m.• cuita s.f.• detenimiento s.m.• guardia s.f.• miramiento s.m.• primor s.m.• pulso s.m.• recaudo s.m.• solicitud s.f.v.• cuidar v.ker, keə(r)
I
1) u (attention, carefulness) cuidado m, atención fto take care — tener* cuidado
to take care over o with something — poner* cuidado en algo, cuidar algo
he took care that all the figures were correct — se aseguró de que todas las cifras eran las correctas
2) u ( of people)medical care — asistencia f médica; (of animals, things) cuidado m
her children were taken into care — (BrE Soc Admin) le quitaron la patria potestad
in care of — (AmE)
care of — (BrE) ( on letters) en casa de
3) to take care of somebody/somethinga) ( look after) \<\<of patient\>\> atender* a alguien, cuidar de alguien; \<\<of children\>\> cuidar a or de alguien, ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien; \<\<of pet/plant/machine\>\> cuidar algotake care! — ( saying goodbye) cuídate!, que estés bien!; ( as a warning) ten cuidado!
b) ( deal with) ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien/algothat takes care of that! — listo!, eso ya está!
4) c u ( worry) preocupación f
II
1.
to care (ABOUT something/somebody) — preocuparse (por algo/alguien)
I don't care — no me importa, me es or me da igual
2.
vta) ( feel concern) (usu neg, interrog)I couldn't care less what he does — me tiene or me trae sin cuidado lo que haga, no me importa en absoluto lo que haga
who cares what she thinks? — ¿y a quién le importa lo que ella piense?
b) ( wish) (frml)to care to + INF: would you care to join us for dinner? ¿le gustaría cenar con nosotros?; he needs her more than he cares to admit — la necesita más de lo que está dispuesto a reconocer
Phrasal Verbs:- care for[kɛǝ(r)]1. N1) (=anxiety) preocupación f, inquietud f•
full of cares — lleno de inquietudes2) (=carefulness) cuidado m, atención f•
have a care, sir! — † ¡mire usted lo que está diciendo!•
to take care — tener cuidadotake care! — (as warning) ¡cuidado!, ¡ten cuidado!; (as good wishes) ¡cuídate!
to take care to — + infin cuidar de que + subjun, asegurarse de que + subjun
to take care not to — + infin guardarse de + infin
take care not to drop it! — ¡cuidado no lo vayas a dejar caer!, ¡procura no soltarlo!
"with care" — "¡atención!", "¡con cuidado!"; (on box) "frágil"
•
convicted of driving without due care and attention — declarado culpable de conducir sin la debida precaución3) (=charge) cargo m, cuidado m ; (Med) asistencia f, atención f médica•
to be in the care of — estar bajo la custodia dehe is in the care of Dr Wood — le asiste or atiende el doctor Wood
•
the child has been taken into care — pusieron al niño en un centro de protección de menoresI'll take care of him! * — ¡yo me encargo de él!
I'll take care of this — (bill etc) esto corre de mi cuenta
to take good care of o.s. — cuidarse mucho
2.we need more people who care — necesitamos más gente que se preocupe por los demás, necesitamos más personas que se interesen por el prójimo
I don't care — no me importa, me da igual or lo mismo
•
for all I care, you can go — por mí, te puedes ir•
as if I cared! — ¿y a mí qué?•
who cares? — ¿qué me importa?, ¿y qué?3. VT1) (=be concerned)what do I care? — ¿a mí qué me importa?
I don't care twopence or a fig or a hoot! — ¡me importa un comino!
I couldn't care less, I could care less — (US) eso me trae sin cuidado
2) frm (=like)•
to care to, I shouldn't care to meet him — no me gustaría conocerlewould you care to tell me? — ¿quieres decírmelo?
would you care to take a walk? — ¿te apetece dar un paseo?
would you care to come this way? — si no tiene inconveniente en pasar por aquí, por aquí si es tan amable or (LAm) si gusta
4.CPDcare assistant N — (Brit) auxiliar mf de enfermería
care giver N — (professional) cuidador(a) m / f (de atención domiciliaria) ; (=relative, friend) persona que cuida de un incapacitado
care label N — (on garment) etiqueta f de instrucciones de lavado
care order N — (Brit) (Jur, Social Work) orden judicial para la puesta de un niño bajo tutela estatal
care worker N — asistente mf social, cuidador(a) m / f
- care for* * *[ker, keə(r)]
I
1) u (attention, carefulness) cuidado m, atención fto take care — tener* cuidado
to take care over o with something — poner* cuidado en algo, cuidar algo
he took care that all the figures were correct — se aseguró de que todas las cifras eran las correctas
2) u ( of people)medical care — asistencia f médica; (of animals, things) cuidado m
her children were taken into care — (BrE Soc Admin) le quitaron la patria potestad
in care of — (AmE)
care of — (BrE) ( on letters) en casa de
3) to take care of somebody/somethinga) ( look after) \<\<of patient\>\> atender* a alguien, cuidar de alguien; \<\<of children\>\> cuidar a or de alguien, ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien; \<\<of pet/plant/machine\>\> cuidar algotake care! — ( saying goodbye) cuídate!, que estés bien!; ( as a warning) ten cuidado!
b) ( deal with) ocuparse or encargarse* de alguien/algothat takes care of that! — listo!, eso ya está!
4) c u ( worry) preocupación f
II
1.
to care (ABOUT something/somebody) — preocuparse (por algo/alguien)
I don't care — no me importa, me es or me da igual
2.
vta) ( feel concern) (usu neg, interrog)I couldn't care less what he does — me tiene or me trae sin cuidado lo que haga, no me importa en absoluto lo que haga
who cares what she thinks? — ¿y a quién le importa lo que ella piense?
b) ( wish) (frml)to care to + INF: would you care to join us for dinner? ¿le gustaría cenar con nosotros?; he needs her more than he cares to admit — la necesita más de lo que está dispuesto a reconocer
Phrasal Verbs:- care for -
4 PHC
1) Общая лексика: Медицинский центр (Public Health Center)2) Медицина: protein histocompatibility complex3) Спорт: Pittsburgh Hoops Classic Basketball4) Военный термин: Pharmacy Corps5) Ветеринария: Pet Health Council6) Университет: Pan- Hellenic Council, Inc., Patrick Henry College7) Нефть: pyrolytic hydrocarbon yield8) Онкология: Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma9) Космонавтика: возможность непрерывного нахождения человека10) Фирменный знак: Perry Home Computing, Plant Health Care, Inc.11) СМИ: Prairie Home Companion12) Научный термин: petroleum hydrocarbons13) Здравоохранение: Primary health care14) Правительство: Philadelphia Historical Commission15) Аэропорты: Port Harcourt, Nigeria16) Хобби: Parrot Head Club17) AMEX. Peoples Holding Company -
5 plantevern
subst. (miljø) plant protection, plant health care -
6 PHCI
1) Фармакология: Фотохимическая ионизация ( photochemical ionization) (Метод анализа)2) Фирменный знак: Plant Health Care, Inc. -
7 couverture
couverture [kuvεʀtyʀ]feminine noun• couverture chauffante or électrique electric blanket• tirer la couverture à soi ( = s'attribuer tout le succès) to take all the credit ; ( = monopoliser la parole) to hog (inf) the stageb. [de cahier, livre] cover ; ( = jaquette) dust coverc. ( = toiture) roofingd. ( = protection) cover* * *kuvɛʀtyʀ1) ( de lit) blanket; ( plus petit) rug GB, lap robe US2) ( de livre) cover3) ( dans la presse) coverage4) ( toiture) roofing [U], roof5) (ce qui protège d'un risque, d'un danger) covertaux de couverture — ( dans les échanges commerciaux) import-export ratio
•Phrasal Verbs:••* * *kuvɛʀtyʀ nf1) [lit] blanket2) [bâtiment] roofing3) [livre] cover4) fig, [espion] cover5) ASSURANCES cover6) PRESSE coverage* * *couverture nf2 (de livre, cahier, magazine) cover; en couverture on the (front) cover;3 (de journaliste, presse) coverage; assurer la couverture d'un événement to cover an event;4 Constr roofing; couverture d'ardoises/de chaume slate/thatched roofing; il faut changer toute la couverture the whole roof needs replacing;5 Assur, Fin, Mil cover; ( cachant activités suspectes) cover; couverture aérienne air cover; taux de couverture ( dans échanges commerciaux) import-export ratio;6 Écol couverture (végétale) plant cover.couverture chauffante electric blanket; couverture sociale social security cover; couverture maladie universelle, CMU free health care for people on low incomes; couverture de voyage travelling rug GB, lap robe US.tirer la couverture à soi to turn a situation to one's own advantage.ⓘ Couverture maladie universelle Since January 2000, the social security cover guaranteed by the CMU provides 6 million low-income earners in France with free medical care. In addition, those eligible for full medical cover are entitled to free consultations.[kuvɛrtyr] nom féminin1. [morceau de tissu] blanketsous les couvertures under the blankets ou coverscouverture de survie space ou survival blanketamener ou tirer la couverture à soia. [après un succès] to take all the creditb. [dans une transaction] to get the best of the deal2. CONSTRUCTION [activité] roofing[ouvrage] (type of) roofassurer ou faire la couverture d'un événement to give coverage of ou to cover an event4. [d'un livre] cover5. [assurance] coverle financier/la société qui leur servait de couverture the financier/company they used as a front -
8 Kosten
Kosten I pl 1. GEN, RW cost (amount of money needed to pay for a thing, value in alternative uses); costs (money that must be spent regularly, e.g. running costs –laufende Kosten– for labour or energy); expenditure (Ausgaben; action of spending); expense, expenses (Ausgaben, Aufwand; money spent on a specific task, e.g. travel expenses); outlay (Auslagen, Barausgaben); charges (Aufwendungen, Nebenkosten); 2. WIWI cost • auf Kosten und Gefahr von RECHT, VERSICH, IMP/EXP on account and risk of • die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe GEN costs are running into billions • die Kosten tragen GEN bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs • die Kosten übernehmen GEN assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses • für die Kosten aufkommen RW meet costs, defray costs, settle costs • Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts • Kosten auf die entsprechenden Konten umlegen RW allocate costs to the appropriate accounts • Kosten auffangen FIN, RW absorb cost • Kosten aufgliedern FIN, RW break down expenses, itemize costs (Kosten aufschlüsseln) • Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts • Kosten bewerten RW cost • Kosten, die für jmdn. steuerpflichtig sind STEUER costs taxable to sb • Kosten kontrollieren GEN control costs • Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN, LOGIS charges forward, ch. fwd (Lieferklausel) • Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN charge forward, Ch Fwd • Kosten umlegen RW assign costs, allocate costs • Kosten verrechnen RW allocate costs • Kosten (zeitlich) verteilen RW spread costs • Kosten zuweisen RW allocate costs • ohne Kosten RECHT, VERSICH no charges • sich an den Kosten beteiligen GEN, MGT share (in) the expenses Kosten II pl, Versicherung f und Fracht f (CI&F) GEN, IMP/EXP, LOGIS, VERSICH cost, insurance and freight, CI&F (Lieferklausel)* * *pl 1. < Geschäft> charge, cost, costs, expenditure, expense, expenses; 2. <Vw> costs ■ die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe < Geschäft> costs are running into billions ■ die Kosten tragen < Geschäft> bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs ■ die Kosten übernehmen < Geschäft> assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses ■ für die Kosten aufkommen < Rechnung> meet costs, defray costs, settle costs ■ Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen < Rechnung> allocate costs to certain accounts ■ Kosten auf die geeigneten Konten umlegen < Rechnung> allocate costs to the appropriate accounts ■ Kosten aufschlüsseln <Finanz, Rechnung> break down expenses ■ Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen < Rechnung> allocate costs to certain accounts ■ Kosten kontrollieren < Geschäft> control costs ■ Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben <Geschäft, Transp> Lieferklausel charges forward (ch. fwd) ■ Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben < Geschäft> charge forward (Ch Fwd) ■ Kosten umlegen < Rechnung> assign costs, allocate costs ■ Kosten verrechnen < Rechnung> allocate costs* * *bedenken, Kosten
to think of the cost;
• j. testamentarisch (in seinem Testament) bedenken to remember (include) s. o. in one’s will.
Kosten
cost[s], (Auslagen) expense[s], expenditure, outlay, (Gebühren) charges, fees, (Preis) price, cost, (Spesen) charge[s];
• abzüglich der Kosten charges deducted, after deduction of charges (costs), less expenses (charges);
• alle Kosten eingeschlossen including all charges;
• auf eigene Kosten at one’s own expense;
• auf gemeinsame Kosten at joint expense, dividing [the] expenses;
• auf meine Kosten to my cost, at my expense;
• auf Kosten von at the expense of, to the derogation;
• auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit at public expense;
• auf Kosten des Gastwirts on the house;
• auf Kosten und Gefahr des Eigners at owner's expense and risk;
• auf Kosten der Qualität at the expense of quality;
• auf Kosten der Reederei at ship’s expenses;
• auf Kosten des Staates at public expense;
• aufgrund der Kosten owing to the expenses;
• ausschließlich der Kosten exclusive of costs;
• einschließlich der Kosten including costs;
• einschließlich Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance, freight (cif);
• frei von den Kosten free of charges, cost-free;
• gegen Erstattung der baren Kosten with out-of-pocket expense;
• mit Einschluss aller Kosten all expenses included;
• mit großen (hohen) Kosten verbunden at great cost, cost-effective;
• mit Kosten verknüpft involving expense;
• mit Rücksicht auf die Kosten in deference to cost;
• nach Abzug aller Kosten all charges paid, all expenses deducted;
• ohne Kosten no charge, (Protest) no protest, (Wechselaufdruck) no expense [to be incurred], without expenses;
• ohne Rücksicht auf die Kosten without regard to cost;
• ohne zusätzliche Kosten for no extra fare;
• unter Auferlegung der Kosten awarding (on payment of) the costs;
• unter Einschluss sämtlicher Kosten all costs included;
• unter Nachnahme der Kosten charges forwarded, expenses charged forward;
• unter Tragung der Kosten on payment of costs;
• zur Deckung der Kosten to cover the cost, in order to cover our expenses;
• zuzüglich der Kosten expenses not included (to be added);
• abnehmende Kosten decreasing costs;
• abschreibbare Kosten depreciable costs;
• abschreibungsfähige Kosten service cost;
• [steuerlich] absetzbare (abzugsfähige) Kosten (Einkommensteuererklärung) charges to be deducted, permissible (tax) expenses, deductible charges;
• abzurechnende Kosten off charges;
• aktivierte Kosten capitalized expenses (costs);
• allgemeine Kosten overhead [charges], operating (indirect, overhead) expenses, factory cost, burden, oncost (Br.);
• alternative Kosten opportunity costs;
• nicht in bar anfallende Kosten non-cash costs;
• gemeinsame anfallende Kosten (Fracht- und Passagierdienst) common expense;
• zukünftig anfallende Kosten future costs;
• im Gewerbebetrieb zwangsläufig anfallende Kosten expenses wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the trade;
• angefallene Kosten costs incurred;
• bei der Versilberung tatsächlich angefallene Kosten actual expenses of realization of the assets;
• steil ansteigende Kosten skyrocketing (soaring) costs;
• anteilige Kosten proportional (proratable) cost;
• auferlegte Kosten taxable costs;
• aufgelaufene Kosten accrued (accumulated) charges, costs incurred (accrued), accrued costs;
• außergerichtliche Kosten extrajudicial costs;
• außerordentliche Kosten extra charges;
• außerordentliche und betriebsfremde Kosten extraordinary and outside expenditure;
• außerplanmäßige Kosten expenditure not budgeted for;
• bare Kosten out-of-pocket expenses;
• beeinflussbare Kosten controllable costs;
• von der Kostenstelle nicht beeinflussbare Kosten uncontrollable expenses;
• beitreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
• nicht beitreibbare Kosten irrecoverable expense;
• auf die Lebensdauer eines Erzeugnisses berechnete Kosten life-cycle costs;
• besondere Kosten special charges;
• beträchtliche Kosten considerable costs, heavy expenses (costs);
• betriebsfixe Kosten standing expenses;
• bleibende Kosten basic expenditure;
• degressive Kosten regressive costs;
• direkte Kosten direct cost (expenses), traceable cost;
• diverse Kosten promiscuous charges, sundries;
• durchlaufende Kosten transit costs;
• durchschnittliche Kosten average expenses;
• effektive Kosten primary cost, actual cost (price);
• eingegangene Kosten expenses involved;
• einmalige Kosten non-recurrent costs (expenses, expenditure);
• eintreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
• entstandene Kosten costs incurred (accrued), accrued charges (costs), expenditure occasioned, expenses accrued (incurred);
• bei der Konkursabwehr entstandene Kosten costs of resisting the bankruptcy proceedings;
• entstehende Kosten accruing costs;
• daraus entstehende Kosten costs arising from it;
• bei der Geschäftsführung notwendigerweise entstehende Kosten costs necessarily incurred in the conduct of business;
• nicht erfasste Kosten imputed cost;
• innerhalb von vier Tagen zu erstattende Kosten (Kostentabelle) four-day costs;
• erstattete Kosten reimbursed expenses;
• nicht anderseitig erstattete Kosten expenses not otherwise received;
• erstattungsfähige Kosten (Prozess) party and party (taxable) costs;
• nicht erstattungsfähige Kosten untaxable costs;
• erwachsende Kosten expenses incurred, accruing costs;
• daraus erwachsende Kosten costs attendant on;
• nicht faktorbezogene Kosten non-factor costs;
• fallende Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
• fällige Kosten outstanding costs;
• feste (fixe) Kosten fixed charges (costs), constant (unavoidable) cost, standby costs, standing (overhead) expenses, overheads;
• [noch] nicht festgesetzte Kosten (Gericht) untaxable cost;
• feststehende (fixe) Kosten fixed (standby, assured) cost[s], expenses covered;
• festzusetzende Kosten costs to be taxed;
• generelle Kosten indirect cost;
• geschätzte Kosten estimated cost;
• in Rechnung gestellte Kosten billed costs;
• gleich bleibende Kosten constant costs, expense constants;
• große (hohe) Kosten heavy expenses, large overhead (US);
• indirekte Kosten indirect costs (expenses);
• individuelle Kosten private costs;
• kalkulatorische (kalkulierte) Kosten imputed cost, imputations;
• kapitalisierte Kosten capitalized costs (expenses);
• kleine Kosten petty expense, petties;
• komparative Kosten comparative costs;
• konstante Kosten constant (standing, standard) costs;
• kurzfristige Kosten short-run costs;
• laufende Kosten running (standing, general) charges, running (current, standing) expenses, economic (running) cost, cost in carrying business;
• leistungsabhängige Kosten direct (variable) costs;
• an der Grenze der Wirtschaftlichkeit (Rentabilität) liegende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
• mittelbare Kosten indirect costs;
• nachkalkulierte Kosten post-mortem cost;
• nicht nachprüfbare Kosten non-controllable costs;
• notwendige Kosten related cost;
• pauschalierte Kosten bunched cost;
• personelle Kosten employment costs;
• private Kosten internal effects, private cost;
• progressive Kosten progressive costs;
• proportionale Kosten proportional costs;
• nicht relevante Kosten sunk cost;
• rückläufige Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
• sämtliche Kosten full costs;
• steil in die Höhe schießende Kosten skyrocketing costs;
• sonstige Kosten sundry expenses, sundries;
• spezifische (spezifizierte) Kosten special (direct) costs;
• nahe der Rentabilitätsgrenze stehende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
• in keinem Verhältnis stehende Kosten disproportionate expenses;
• steigende Kosten rising (increasing) costs, advancing prices;
• stellvertretende Kosten (Seeversicherung) substituted expenses;
• tatsächliche Kosten actual costs;
• übermäßige (überhöhte) Kosten excessive costs;
• auf Kapitalkonto übernommene Kosten capitalized costs;
• übliche Kosten usual charges;
• nicht umgelegte Kosten unapplied costs;
• auf den Tageswert umgerechnete Kosten adjusted costs;
• unerhebliche Kosten insignificant expenses;
• unerschwingliche Kosten enormous costs;
• ungewisse Kosten variable cost;
• unproduktive Kosten incidental expenses of production;
• untragbare Kosten prohibitive cost;
• unveränderliche Kosten constant costs;
• variable (veränderliche) Kosten variable (out-of-pocket) costs;
• proportionale variable Kosten average variable costs;
• veranschlagte Kosten estimated costs;
• verbundene Kosten composite costs;
• damit verbundene Kosten expense involved;
• mit der Anschaffung verbundene Kosten purchase-related costs;
• vereinbarte Kosten agreed costs;
• vermeidbare Kosten escapable cost;
• verschiedene Kosten sundry (miscellaneous) expenses, sundries;
• verzerrte Kosten distorted costs;
• volkswirtschaftliche Kosten external costs;
• voraussichtliche Kosten prospective costs;
• im Etat vorgesehene Kosten expenses provided for in the budget;
• vorkalkulierte Kosten standard (predetermined, scheduled, target) costs;
• wachsende Kosten growing expenditure;
• wechselnde Kosten variable cost (expenses);
• wirkliche Kosten actual cost (expense);
• zunehmende Kosten increasing (rising) cost;
• zusammengefasste Kosten pool cost;
• zusätzliche Kosten additional charges (expenses, costs), added costs, extra charges;
• Kosten der Abschreibung depreciation charges;
• Kosten nach Abschreibungen amortized cost;
• Kosten des Abtransportes transportation inland costs;
• Kosten vor Abzug des Bardiskonts billed cost;
• Kosten der Agenturunterhaltung agency costs;
• Kosten des Anlagevermögens asset costs;
• Kosten vor Anlauf der Fertigung starting-load cost;
• Kosten der Anschlusseinrichtung (telecom.) installation charges;
• Kosten für weitere Ausbildung advancement costs (US);
• Kosten und Auslagen charges, costs and expenses;
• Kosten des Beklagten defendant’s costs;
• Kosten der Bergung salvage cost (charges);
• Kosten bei voller Betriebsausnutzung capacity costs;
• Kosten für Betriebsbauten plant construction costs;
• Kosten der Betriebseinstellung (Betriebsstilllegung) shutdown costs;
• Kosten der Betriebsführung operating costs;
• Kosten der Buchführung (Buchhaltung) accounting (bookkeeping) costs;
• Kosten zum Buchwert amortized cost;
• Kosten der Bürounterhaltung office expenses;
• Kosten der Ernteeinbringung harvesting expenses;
• Kosten der Erstellung des Jahresberichts annual report costs;
• immaterielle Kosten und Erträge non-pecuniary costs and benefits;
• Kosten pro Exemplar per-copy costs;
• Kosten der Fabrikation work-in-process burden;
• Kosten für Fahrten zwischen Wohnung und Betrieb cost of travel between home and work;
• Kosten der Gebäudeerrichtung cost of a structure;
• Kosten der Geldbeschaffung cost of money;
• Kosten eines Gerichtsverfahrens costs of going to court;
• Kosten der Geschäftsführung executive expenses;
• laufende Kosten der Geschäftsführung expenses in carrying on business;
• Kosten der Geschäftsstelle agency cost;
• Kosten der staatlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge national health-care bill;
• Kosten der Gesundheitsvorsorge health-care costs;
• Kosten der Haushaltsführung (Haushaltung) household operating costs, household expenditure;
• Kosten der Instandhaltung cost of maintenance;
• Kosten der Kapitalausstattung capital equipment cost;
• Kosten des Konkursverfahrens cost of preserving and administering the bankrupt’s estate, bankruptcy costs, costs of adjudication;
• Kosten der Konkursverwaltung administration (official receiver’s) expenses;
• Kosten pro Kopf der Bevölkerung per capita costs;
• Kosten der Lagerhaltung holding costs, outlays for inventories, house charges (US);
• Kosten der Lebenshaltung cost of living;
• Kosten für Leichterung lighterage charges;
• Kosten des Liquidators liquidator’s expenses;
• Kosten des Löschens charges for unloading;
• Kosten der Luftfrachtbeförderung airfreight expenses;
• Kosten der Montage cost of erection, assembly costs;
• Kosten der Nachlassverwaltung expenses of administration;
• Kosten einer Projektdurchführung running costs of a project;
• Kosten für das Rangieren switching charges;
• erstattungsfähige Kosten eines Rechtsstreites costs as between party and party;
• Kosten der Rechtsverfolgung law costs;
• Kosten zum anderthalbfachen Satz double costs (cash);
• Kosten der Testamentserrichtung testamentary expenses;
• Kosten für den Umtausch (Währung) conversion costs;
• Kosten des Unterhalts eines Lastkraftwagens motor-van expenses (Br.);
• Kosten der Unterhaltung eines Kraftfahrzeuges automobile operating (maintenance) costs;
• Kosten zuzüglich Verdienstspanne cost-plus (US);
• Kosten der Vermögensverwaltung (Treuhänder) administration expenses;
• Kosten der Verpackung packaging costs;
• Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance and freight (cif);
• Kosten des Vertriebs marketing cost;
• Kosten der Verwaltung administrative expenditure;
• Kosten der gesamten Warenlieferung costs of goods sold;
• Kosten für immaterielle Werte intangible costs;
• Kosten der Wiederbeschaffung replacement cost;
• Kosten einer Wohnung housing price;
• Kosten der Zentrale head-office expense;
• Kosten der Zollabfertigung cost of customs clearance;
• Kosten sparend cost-saving (-cutting);
• Kosten abbremsen to put a stop to expenses;
• als Kosten abbuchen to enter as expenses;
• seine Kosten abrechnen (abziehen) to deduct one’s expenses;
• Kosten steuerlich absetzen to deduct costs;
• Kosten der Büromiete steuerlich absetzen to claim the cost of rent of premises as a deduction;
• Kosten abwälzen to pass costs on;
• Kosten auf die Kunden abwälzen to switch costs to the customer;
• für Kosten und Logis arbeiten to work for one’s board;
• jem. die Kosten aufbrummen to land s. o. with the costs;
• Kosten der Staatskasse aufbürden to award the costs against the state;
• Kosten auferlegen to allocate (order to bear, award) the costs;
• Kosten aufgliedern to itemize costs;
• Kosten gegeneinander aufheben to divide the costs between the parties;
• für die Kosten aufkommen to bear (meet, pay) the expenses;
• Kosten aufschlüsseln to break down expenses;
• Kosten aufteilen to apportion costs, to lump the expenses;
• sich die voraussichtlich entstehenden Kosten ausrechnen to reckon the probable costs;
• Kosten im Griff behalten to keep track of costs;
• zu den Kosten beitragen to contribute towards the costs;
• Kosten auferlegt bekommen to be condemned in (ordered to pay) the costs;
• Kosten in den Griff bekommen to control costs;
• Konto mit sämtlichen Kosten belasten to charge an account with all the expenses;
• Kosten berechnen to count (figure up, calculate, compute) the costs, to figure out (calculate) the expenses;
• sich auf jds. Kosten bereichern to get rich at s. one’s expense;
• Kosten berücksichtigen to consider the expense;
• Kosten bestreiten to bear the costs (expenses), to cover (meet, defray) the expenses;
• sich an den Kosten gleichmäßig beteiligen to contribute equally to the expense;
• sich an den Kosten schlüsselmäßig beteiligen to pool the expenses;
• Kosten bezahlen to quit costs;
• entstandene Kosten bezahlen to pay the costs incurred;
• für Kosten in Abzug bringen to allow for costs;
• als Kosten buchen to enter as expenses;
• Kosten über ein Konto buchen to charge an expense to an account;
• Kosten decken to cover (reimburse) the expenses;
• seine Kosten decken to get back one’s expenses, to pay its way, to get out without a loss;
• nicht einmal seine Kosten decken (hereinbekommen) not to clear one’s expenses;
• Kosten einrechnen to include expenses;
• Kosten einsparen to cut back on costs;
• über die Kosten entscheiden (Urteil) to carry costs;
• Kosten ermitteln to ascertain the costs;
• Kosten ersetzen to refund the costs;
• Kosten erstatten to refund (reimburse) the expenses;
• entstandene Kosten erstatten to reimburse the expenses incurred;
• Kosten festsetzen to fix (determine) the costs;
• beträchtliche Kosten aufgewandt haben to have gone to considerable expense;
• für Kosten aufzukommen haben to be liable for expenses;
• Kosten für Subventionen zu tragen haben to foot the subsidy bill;
• Kosten niedrig halten to hold (keep) down costs (expenses), to keep costs in line (a lid on costs), to control the expenditure;
• Kosten kalkulieren to cost-account;
• auf seine Kosten kommen to cover one’s expenses, to pay one’s way, to have a run for one’s money;
• Kosten nicht mehr verkraften können to run one’s costs through the roof;
• Kosten raketenartig ansteigen lassen to rocket costs;
• Kosten anwachsen lassen to pile on the expense;
• auf jds. Kosten leben to live at s. one’s expense, to sponge on s. o. (coll.);
• Kosten machen to be an (go to) expense, to involve expenses;
• jem. Kosten machen to put s. o. to expense;
• Kosten nachgehen to keep track of costs;
• Kosten nachprüfen to tax costs;
• Kosten niederschlagen to cancel the costs;
• Kosten reduzieren to cut costs;
• Kosten drastisch reduzieren to slash costs;
• Kosten scheuen to balk at an expense (fam.);
• keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense (costs);
• mit weiteren (zusätzlichen) Kosten verbunden sein to involve additional charges;
• zu den Kosten verurteilt sein to be cast to pay the costs;
• Kosten senken to reduce (drive down) expenses (costs);
• Kosten sparen to save expenses;
• Kosten steigern to run up the costs;
• sich in Kosten stürzen to launch out [into expense], to put o. s. to charge, to go to expense;
• sich in große Kosten stürzen to go to great expense;
• sich mit jem. die Kosten teilen to go halves (share the expenses) with s. o.;
• sich in die Kosten von etw. mit jem. teilen to go shares with s. o. in the expense of s. th., to share with s. o. in the costs;
• Kosten tragen to defray the expense (charges), to pay for [the shot], to meet the expenses, to foot the bill, to pay the piper;
• alle Kosten für j. tragen to carry all expenses for s. o.;
• Kosten übernehmen to pay costs (expenses);
• entstandene Kosten übernehmen to pay the costs incurred;
• Hälfte der Kosten übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
• gesamte Kosten einer Pensionsregelung übernehmen to pick up the entire cost of a pension plan;
• Kosten einer Reise übernehmen to defray the expenses of a trip;
• Kosten auf die Staatskasse übernehmen to charge an expense to the public debt;
• Kosten teilweise übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
• Kosten eines Unternehmens übernehmen to bear the cost of an undertaking;
• Kosten umlegen to allocate (apportion) the costs, to divide expenses in equal proportions;
• Kosten auf die Vereinsmitglieder umlegen to assess members of a society for expenses;
• Kosten veranschlagen to evaluate (estimate) expenses, to figure up the costs;
• im Zeitpunkt der Entstehung als Kosten verbuchen to book expenses in the year of occurence;
• Kosten vergüten to reimburse expenses;
• überflüssige Kosten vermeiden to economize;
• Kosten unmittelbar auf die Abteilung verrechnen to charge cost directly to the department;
• Kosten verringern to reduce (cut down) costs;
• Kosten verteilen to spread the costs;
• Kosten über drei Jahre verteilen to amortize costs over a period of three years;
• Kosten verursachen to go to expense;
• große (hohe) Kosten verursachen to put to great (involve much) expense, to entail large expenditure;
• jem. große Kosten verursachen to put s. o. to great expense;
• zu den Kosten verurteilen to order (cast) to pay the costs;
• gestiegene Kosten ohne Verschlechterung der Wettbewerbssituation weitergeben to pass on rising cost without becoming uncompetitive;
• auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit unterhalten werden to be maintained at public expense;
• auf gemeinsame Kosten von Verleger und Autor veröffentlicht werden to be published at joint expense of publisher and author;
• zu den Kosten verurteilt werden to be ordered to pay the costs;
• Kosten nach sich ziehen to carry costs;
• hohe Kosten nach sich ziehen to involve great expense;
• Kosten zurückerstatten to refund (reimburse) expenses;
• Kosten gehen zulasten von costs to be borne by;
• Kosten spielen keine Rolle expense is no object.
Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht
cost, insurance and freight (cif) -
9 kosten
Kosten I pl 1. GEN, RW cost (amount of money needed to pay for a thing, value in alternative uses); costs (money that must be spent regularly, e.g. running costs –laufende Kosten– for labour or energy); expenditure (Ausgaben; action of spending); expense, expenses (Ausgaben, Aufwand; money spent on a specific task, e.g. travel expenses); outlay (Auslagen, Barausgaben); charges (Aufwendungen, Nebenkosten); 2. WIWI cost • auf Kosten und Gefahr von RECHT, VERSICH, IMP/EXP on account and risk of • die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe GEN costs are running into billions • die Kosten tragen GEN bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs • die Kosten übernehmen GEN assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses • für die Kosten aufkommen RW meet costs, defray costs, settle costs • Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts • Kosten auf die entsprechenden Konten umlegen RW allocate costs to the appropriate accounts • Kosten auffangen FIN, RW absorb cost • Kosten aufgliedern FIN, RW break down expenses, itemize costs (Kosten aufschlüsseln) • Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts • Kosten bewerten RW cost • Kosten, die für jmdn. steuerpflichtig sind STEUER costs taxable to sb • Kosten kontrollieren GEN control costs • Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN, LOGIS charges forward, ch. fwd (Lieferklausel) • Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN charge forward, Ch Fwd • Kosten umlegen RW assign costs, allocate costs • Kosten verrechnen RW allocate costs • Kosten (zeitlich) verteilen RW spread costs • Kosten zuweisen RW allocate costs • ohne Kosten RECHT, VERSICH no charges • sich an den Kosten beteiligen GEN, MGT share (in) the expenses Kosten II pl, Versicherung f und Fracht f (CI&F) GEN, IMP/EXP, LOGIS, VERSICH cost, insurance and freight, CI&F (Lieferklausel)* * *v < Geschäft> cost* * *bedenken, Kosten
to think of the cost;
• j. testamentarisch (in seinem Testament) bedenken to remember (include) s. o. in one’s will.
Kosten
cost[s], (Auslagen) expense[s], expenditure, outlay, (Gebühren) charges, fees, (Preis) price, cost, (Spesen) charge[s];
• abzüglich der Kosten charges deducted, after deduction of charges (costs), less expenses (charges);
• alle Kosten eingeschlossen including all charges;
• auf eigene Kosten at one’s own expense;
• auf gemeinsame Kosten at joint expense, dividing [the] expenses;
• auf meine Kosten to my cost, at my expense;
• auf Kosten von at the expense of, to the derogation;
• auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit at public expense;
• auf Kosten des Gastwirts on the house;
• auf Kosten und Gefahr des Eigners at owner's expense and risk;
• auf Kosten der Qualität at the expense of quality;
• auf Kosten der Reederei at ship’s expenses;
• auf Kosten des Staates at public expense;
• aufgrund der Kosten owing to the expenses;
• ausschließlich der Kosten exclusive of costs;
• einschließlich der Kosten including costs;
• einschließlich Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance, freight (cif);
• frei von den Kosten free of charges, cost-free;
• gegen Erstattung der baren Kosten with out-of-pocket expense;
• mit Einschluss aller Kosten all expenses included;
• mit großen (hohen) Kosten verbunden at great cost, cost-effective;
• mit Kosten verknüpft involving expense;
• mit Rücksicht auf die Kosten in deference to cost;
• nach Abzug aller Kosten all charges paid, all expenses deducted;
• ohne Kosten no charge, (Protest) no protest, (Wechselaufdruck) no expense [to be incurred], without expenses;
• ohne Rücksicht auf die Kosten without regard to cost;
• ohne zusätzliche Kosten for no extra fare;
• unter Auferlegung der Kosten awarding (on payment of) the costs;
• unter Einschluss sämtlicher Kosten all costs included;
• unter Nachnahme der Kosten charges forwarded, expenses charged forward;
• unter Tragung der Kosten on payment of costs;
• zur Deckung der Kosten to cover the cost, in order to cover our expenses;
• zuzüglich der Kosten expenses not included (to be added);
• abnehmende Kosten decreasing costs;
• abschreibbare Kosten depreciable costs;
• abschreibungsfähige Kosten service cost;
• [steuerlich] absetzbare (abzugsfähige) Kosten (Einkommensteuererklärung) charges to be deducted, permissible (tax) expenses, deductible charges;
• abzurechnende Kosten off charges;
• aktivierte Kosten capitalized expenses (costs);
• allgemeine Kosten overhead [charges], operating (indirect, overhead) expenses, factory cost, burden, oncost (Br.);
• alternative Kosten opportunity costs;
• nicht in bar anfallende Kosten non-cash costs;
• gemeinsame anfallende Kosten (Fracht- und Passagierdienst) common expense;
• zukünftig anfallende Kosten future costs;
• im Gewerbebetrieb zwangsläufig anfallende Kosten expenses wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the trade;
• angefallene Kosten costs incurred;
• bei der Versilberung tatsächlich angefallene Kosten actual expenses of realization of the assets;
• steil ansteigende Kosten skyrocketing (soaring) costs;
• anteilige Kosten proportional (proratable) cost;
• auferlegte Kosten taxable costs;
• aufgelaufene Kosten accrued (accumulated) charges, costs incurred (accrued), accrued costs;
• außergerichtliche Kosten extrajudicial costs;
• außerordentliche Kosten extra charges;
• außerordentliche und betriebsfremde Kosten extraordinary and outside expenditure;
• außerplanmäßige Kosten expenditure not budgeted for;
• bare Kosten out-of-pocket expenses;
• beeinflussbare Kosten controllable costs;
• von der Kostenstelle nicht beeinflussbare Kosten uncontrollable expenses;
• beitreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
• nicht beitreibbare Kosten irrecoverable expense;
• auf die Lebensdauer eines Erzeugnisses berechnete Kosten life-cycle costs;
• besondere Kosten special charges;
• beträchtliche Kosten considerable costs, heavy expenses (costs);
• betriebsfixe Kosten standing expenses;
• bleibende Kosten basic expenditure;
• degressive Kosten regressive costs;
• direkte Kosten direct cost (expenses), traceable cost;
• diverse Kosten promiscuous charges, sundries;
• durchlaufende Kosten transit costs;
• durchschnittliche Kosten average expenses;
• effektive Kosten primary cost, actual cost (price);
• eingegangene Kosten expenses involved;
• einmalige Kosten non-recurrent costs (expenses, expenditure);
• eintreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
• entstandene Kosten costs incurred (accrued), accrued charges (costs), expenditure occasioned, expenses accrued (incurred);
• bei der Konkursabwehr entstandene Kosten costs of resisting the bankruptcy proceedings;
• entstehende Kosten accruing costs;
• daraus entstehende Kosten costs arising from it;
• bei der Geschäftsführung notwendigerweise entstehende Kosten costs necessarily incurred in the conduct of business;
• nicht erfasste Kosten imputed cost;
• innerhalb von vier Tagen zu erstattende Kosten (Kostentabelle) four-day costs;
• erstattete Kosten reimbursed expenses;
• nicht anderseitig erstattete Kosten expenses not otherwise received;
• erstattungsfähige Kosten (Prozess) party and party (taxable) costs;
• nicht erstattungsfähige Kosten untaxable costs;
• erwachsende Kosten expenses incurred, accruing costs;
• daraus erwachsende Kosten costs attendant on;
• nicht faktorbezogene Kosten non-factor costs;
• fallende Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
• fällige Kosten outstanding costs;
• feste (fixe) Kosten fixed charges (costs), constant (unavoidable) cost, standby costs, standing (overhead) expenses, overheads;
• [noch] nicht festgesetzte Kosten (Gericht) untaxable cost;
• feststehende (fixe) Kosten fixed (standby, assured) cost[s], expenses covered;
• festzusetzende Kosten costs to be taxed;
• generelle Kosten indirect cost;
• geschätzte Kosten estimated cost;
• in Rechnung gestellte Kosten billed costs;
• gleich bleibende Kosten constant costs, expense constants;
• große (hohe) Kosten heavy expenses, large overhead (US);
• indirekte Kosten indirect costs (expenses);
• individuelle Kosten private costs;
• kalkulatorische (kalkulierte) Kosten imputed cost, imputations;
• kapitalisierte Kosten capitalized costs (expenses);
• kleine Kosten petty expense, petties;
• komparative Kosten comparative costs;
• konstante Kosten constant (standing, standard) costs;
• kurzfristige Kosten short-run costs;
• laufende Kosten running (standing, general) charges, running (current, standing) expenses, economic (running) cost, cost in carrying business;
• leistungsabhängige Kosten direct (variable) costs;
• an der Grenze der Wirtschaftlichkeit (Rentabilität) liegende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
• mittelbare Kosten indirect costs;
• nachkalkulierte Kosten post-mortem cost;
• nicht nachprüfbare Kosten non-controllable costs;
• notwendige Kosten related cost;
• pauschalierte Kosten bunched cost;
• personelle Kosten employment costs;
• private Kosten internal effects, private cost;
• progressive Kosten progressive costs;
• proportionale Kosten proportional costs;
• nicht relevante Kosten sunk cost;
• rückläufige Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
• sämtliche Kosten full costs;
• steil in die Höhe schießende Kosten skyrocketing costs;
• sonstige Kosten sundry expenses, sundries;
• spezifische (spezifizierte) Kosten special (direct) costs;
• nahe der Rentabilitätsgrenze stehende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
• in keinem Verhältnis stehende Kosten disproportionate expenses;
• steigende Kosten rising (increasing) costs, advancing prices;
• stellvertretende Kosten (Seeversicherung) substituted expenses;
• tatsächliche Kosten actual costs;
• übermäßige (überhöhte) Kosten excessive costs;
• auf Kapitalkonto übernommene Kosten capitalized costs;
• übliche Kosten usual charges;
• nicht umgelegte Kosten unapplied costs;
• auf den Tageswert umgerechnete Kosten adjusted costs;
• unerhebliche Kosten insignificant expenses;
• unerschwingliche Kosten enormous costs;
• ungewisse Kosten variable cost;
• unproduktive Kosten incidental expenses of production;
• untragbare Kosten prohibitive cost;
• unveränderliche Kosten constant costs;
• variable (veränderliche) Kosten variable (out-of-pocket) costs;
• proportionale variable Kosten average variable costs;
• veranschlagte Kosten estimated costs;
• verbundene Kosten composite costs;
• damit verbundene Kosten expense involved;
• mit der Anschaffung verbundene Kosten purchase-related costs;
• vereinbarte Kosten agreed costs;
• vermeidbare Kosten escapable cost;
• verschiedene Kosten sundry (miscellaneous) expenses, sundries;
• verzerrte Kosten distorted costs;
• volkswirtschaftliche Kosten external costs;
• voraussichtliche Kosten prospective costs;
• im Etat vorgesehene Kosten expenses provided for in the budget;
• vorkalkulierte Kosten standard (predetermined, scheduled, target) costs;
• wachsende Kosten growing expenditure;
• wechselnde Kosten variable cost (expenses);
• wirkliche Kosten actual cost (expense);
• zunehmende Kosten increasing (rising) cost;
• zusammengefasste Kosten pool cost;
• zusätzliche Kosten additional charges (expenses, costs), added costs, extra charges;
• Kosten der Abschreibung depreciation charges;
• Kosten nach Abschreibungen amortized cost;
• Kosten des Abtransportes transportation inland costs;
• Kosten vor Abzug des Bardiskonts billed cost;
• Kosten der Agenturunterhaltung agency costs;
• Kosten des Anlagevermögens asset costs;
• Kosten vor Anlauf der Fertigung starting-load cost;
• Kosten der Anschlusseinrichtung (telecom.) installation charges;
• Kosten für weitere Ausbildung advancement costs (US);
• Kosten und Auslagen charges, costs and expenses;
• Kosten des Beklagten defendant’s costs;
• Kosten der Bergung salvage cost (charges);
• Kosten bei voller Betriebsausnutzung capacity costs;
• Kosten für Betriebsbauten plant construction costs;
• Kosten der Betriebseinstellung (Betriebsstilllegung) shutdown costs;
• Kosten der Betriebsführung operating costs;
• Kosten der Buchführung (Buchhaltung) accounting (bookkeeping) costs;
• Kosten zum Buchwert amortized cost;
• Kosten der Bürounterhaltung office expenses;
• Kosten der Ernteeinbringung harvesting expenses;
• Kosten der Erstellung des Jahresberichts annual report costs;
• immaterielle Kosten und Erträge non-pecuniary costs and benefits;
• Kosten pro Exemplar per-copy costs;
• Kosten der Fabrikation work-in-process burden;
• Kosten für Fahrten zwischen Wohnung und Betrieb cost of travel between home and work;
• Kosten der Gebäudeerrichtung cost of a structure;
• Kosten der Geldbeschaffung cost of money;
• Kosten eines Gerichtsverfahrens costs of going to court;
• Kosten der Geschäftsführung executive expenses;
• laufende Kosten der Geschäftsführung expenses in carrying on business;
• Kosten der Geschäftsstelle agency cost;
• Kosten der staatlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge national health-care bill;
• Kosten der Gesundheitsvorsorge health-care costs;
• Kosten der Haushaltsführung (Haushaltung) household operating costs, household expenditure;
• Kosten der Instandhaltung cost of maintenance;
• Kosten der Kapitalausstattung capital equipment cost;
• Kosten des Konkursverfahrens cost of preserving and administering the bankrupt’s estate, bankruptcy costs, costs of adjudication;
• Kosten der Konkursverwaltung administration (official receiver’s) expenses;
• Kosten pro Kopf der Bevölkerung per capita costs;
• Kosten der Lagerhaltung holding costs, outlays for inventories, house charges (US);
• Kosten der Lebenshaltung cost of living;
• Kosten für Leichterung lighterage charges;
• Kosten des Liquidators liquidator’s expenses;
• Kosten des Löschens charges for unloading;
• Kosten der Luftfrachtbeförderung airfreight expenses;
• Kosten der Montage cost of erection, assembly costs;
• Kosten der Nachlassverwaltung expenses of administration;
• Kosten einer Projektdurchführung running costs of a project;
• Kosten für das Rangieren switching charges;
• erstattungsfähige Kosten eines Rechtsstreites costs as between party and party;
• Kosten der Rechtsverfolgung law costs;
• Kosten zum anderthalbfachen Satz double costs (cash);
• Kosten der Testamentserrichtung testamentary expenses;
• Kosten für den Umtausch (Währung) conversion costs;
• Kosten des Unterhalts eines Lastkraftwagens motor-van expenses (Br.);
• Kosten der Unterhaltung eines Kraftfahrzeuges automobile operating (maintenance) costs;
• Kosten zuzüglich Verdienstspanne cost-plus (US);
• Kosten der Vermögensverwaltung (Treuhänder) administration expenses;
• Kosten der Verpackung packaging costs;
• Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance and freight (cif);
• Kosten des Vertriebs marketing cost;
• Kosten der Verwaltung administrative expenditure;
• Kosten der gesamten Warenlieferung costs of goods sold;
• Kosten für immaterielle Werte intangible costs;
• Kosten der Wiederbeschaffung replacement cost;
• Kosten einer Wohnung housing price;
• Kosten der Zentrale head-office expense;
• Kosten der Zollabfertigung cost of customs clearance;
• Kosten sparend cost-saving (-cutting);
• Kosten abbremsen to put a stop to expenses;
• als Kosten abbuchen to enter as expenses;
• seine Kosten abrechnen (abziehen) to deduct one’s expenses;
• Kosten steuerlich absetzen to deduct costs;
• Kosten der Büromiete steuerlich absetzen to claim the cost of rent of premises as a deduction;
• Kosten abwälzen to pass costs on;
• Kosten auf die Kunden abwälzen to switch costs to the customer;
• für Kosten und Logis arbeiten to work for one’s board;
• jem. die Kosten aufbrummen to land s. o. with the costs;
• Kosten der Staatskasse aufbürden to award the costs against the state;
• Kosten auferlegen to allocate (order to bear, award) the costs;
• Kosten aufgliedern to itemize costs;
• Kosten gegeneinander aufheben to divide the costs between the parties;
• für die Kosten aufkommen to bear (meet, pay) the expenses;
• Kosten aufschlüsseln to break down expenses;
• Kosten aufteilen to apportion costs, to lump the expenses;
• sich die voraussichtlich entstehenden Kosten ausrechnen to reckon the probable costs;
• Kosten im Griff behalten to keep track of costs;
• zu den Kosten beitragen to contribute towards the costs;
• Kosten auferlegt bekommen to be condemned in (ordered to pay) the costs;
• Kosten in den Griff bekommen to control costs;
• Konto mit sämtlichen Kosten belasten to charge an account with all the expenses;
• Kosten berechnen to count (figure up, calculate, compute) the costs, to figure out (calculate) the expenses;
• sich auf jds. Kosten bereichern to get rich at s. one’s expense;
• Kosten berücksichtigen to consider the expense;
• Kosten bestreiten to bear the costs (expenses), to cover (meet, defray) the expenses;
• sich an den Kosten gleichmäßig beteiligen to contribute equally to the expense;
• sich an den Kosten schlüsselmäßig beteiligen to pool the expenses;
• Kosten bezahlen to quit costs;
• entstandene Kosten bezahlen to pay the costs incurred;
• für Kosten in Abzug bringen to allow for costs;
• als Kosten buchen to enter as expenses;
• Kosten über ein Konto buchen to charge an expense to an account;
• Kosten decken to cover (reimburse) the expenses;
• seine Kosten decken to get back one’s expenses, to pay its way, to get out without a loss;
• nicht einmal seine Kosten decken (hereinbekommen) not to clear one’s expenses;
• Kosten einrechnen to include expenses;
• Kosten einsparen to cut back on costs;
• über die Kosten entscheiden (Urteil) to carry costs;
• Kosten ermitteln to ascertain the costs;
• Kosten ersetzen to refund the costs;
• Kosten erstatten to refund (reimburse) the expenses;
• entstandene Kosten erstatten to reimburse the expenses incurred;
• Kosten festsetzen to fix (determine) the costs;
• beträchtliche Kosten aufgewandt haben to have gone to considerable expense;
• für Kosten aufzukommen haben to be liable for expenses;
• Kosten für Subventionen zu tragen haben to foot the subsidy bill;
• Kosten niedrig halten to hold (keep) down costs (expenses), to keep costs in line (a lid on costs), to control the expenditure;
• Kosten kalkulieren to cost-account;
• auf seine Kosten kommen to cover one’s expenses, to pay one’s way, to have a run for one’s money;
• Kosten nicht mehr verkraften können to run one’s costs through the roof;
• Kosten raketenartig ansteigen lassen to rocket costs;
• Kosten anwachsen lassen to pile on the expense;
• auf jds. Kosten leben to live at s. one’s expense, to sponge on s. o. (coll.);
• Kosten machen to be an (go to) expense, to involve expenses;
• jem. Kosten machen to put s. o. to expense;
• Kosten nachgehen to keep track of costs;
• Kosten nachprüfen to tax costs;
• Kosten niederschlagen to cancel the costs;
• Kosten reduzieren to cut costs;
• Kosten drastisch reduzieren to slash costs;
• Kosten scheuen to balk at an expense (fam.);
• keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense (costs);
• mit weiteren (zusätzlichen) Kosten verbunden sein to involve additional charges;
• zu den Kosten verurteilt sein to be cast to pay the costs;
• Kosten senken to reduce (drive down) expenses (costs);
• Kosten sparen to save expenses;
• Kosten steigern to run up the costs;
• sich in Kosten stürzen to launch out [into expense], to put o. s. to charge, to go to expense;
• sich in große Kosten stürzen to go to great expense;
• sich mit jem. die Kosten teilen to go halves (share the expenses) with s. o.;
• sich in die Kosten von etw. mit jem. teilen to go shares with s. o. in the expense of s. th., to share with s. o. in the costs;
• Kosten tragen to defray the expense (charges), to pay for [the shot], to meet the expenses, to foot the bill, to pay the piper;
• alle Kosten für j. tragen to carry all expenses for s. o.;
• Kosten übernehmen to pay costs (expenses);
• entstandene Kosten übernehmen to pay the costs incurred;
• Hälfte der Kosten übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
• gesamte Kosten einer Pensionsregelung übernehmen to pick up the entire cost of a pension plan;
• Kosten einer Reise übernehmen to defray the expenses of a trip;
• Kosten auf die Staatskasse übernehmen to charge an expense to the public debt;
• Kosten teilweise übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
• Kosten eines Unternehmens übernehmen to bear the cost of an undertaking;
• Kosten umlegen to allocate (apportion) the costs, to divide expenses in equal proportions;
• Kosten auf die Vereinsmitglieder umlegen to assess members of a society for expenses;
• Kosten veranschlagen to evaluate (estimate) expenses, to figure up the costs;
• im Zeitpunkt der Entstehung als Kosten verbuchen to book expenses in the year of occurence;
• Kosten vergüten to reimburse expenses;
• überflüssige Kosten vermeiden to economize;
• Kosten unmittelbar auf die Abteilung verrechnen to charge cost directly to the department;
• Kosten verringern to reduce (cut down) costs;
• Kosten verteilen to spread the costs;
• Kosten über drei Jahre verteilen to amortize costs over a period of three years;
• Kosten verursachen to go to expense;
• große (hohe) Kosten verursachen to put to great (involve much) expense, to entail large expenditure;
• jem. große Kosten verursachen to put s. o. to great expense;
• zu den Kosten verurteilen to order (cast) to pay the costs;
• gestiegene Kosten ohne Verschlechterung der Wettbewerbssituation weitergeben to pass on rising cost without becoming uncompetitive;
• auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit unterhalten werden to be maintained at public expense;
• auf gemeinsame Kosten von Verleger und Autor veröffentlicht werden to be published at joint expense of publisher and author;
• zu den Kosten verurteilt werden to be ordered to pay the costs;
• Kosten nach sich ziehen to carry costs;
• hohe Kosten nach sich ziehen to involve great expense;
• Kosten zurückerstatten to refund (reimburse) expenses;
• Kosten gehen zulasten von costs to be borne by;
• Kosten spielen keine Rolle expense is no object.
Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht
cost, insurance and freight (cif) -
10 sécurité
sécurité [sekyʀite]1. feminine nouna. ( = absence de danger) safety ; ( = absence de troubles) security• être/se sentir en sécurité to be/feel safeb. ( = mécanisme) safety catch• de sécurité [dispositif] safety2. compounds► la sécurité civile emergency services dealing with natural disasters, bomb disposal etc► la Sécurité sociale (pour la santé) ≈ the National Health Service (Brit), ≈ Medicaid (US) ; (pour vieillesse etc) ≈ the Social Security, ≈ Medicare (US)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The French public welfare system is financed by compulsory contributions paid directly from salaries and by employers. It covers essential health care, pensions and other basic benefits. In many cases, costs not covered by the Sécurité sociale may be met by a « mutuelle ». The deficit of the Sécurité sociale, popularly known as the « trou de la Sécurité sociale », has reached massive proportions in recent years, and efforts to stabilize the situation include an extra contribution from salaries, paid at source, called the « CRDS » « contribution au remboursement de la dette sociale ». → MUTUELLE* * *sekyʀitede sécurité — [système, forces] security; [dispositif, zone] safety; [raisons, problème] of security (après n)
se sentir en sécurité — to feel secure ou safe
Phrasal Verbs:* * *sekyʀite nf1) (= situation) safetyOn ne se sent pas en sécurité dans ce quartier. — You don't feel safe in this neighbourhood.
2) (mesures) security3) (= personnel de sécurité) securityIl s'est fait refuser l'entrée par la sécurité de l'établissement. — Security refused him entry to the establishment.
* * *sécurité nf ( absence de risques d'agression) security; ( absence de danger fortuit) safety; pour votre sécurité for your own safety; assurer la sécurité de ( contre des agresseurs) to ensure the security of; (contre un accident, un sinistre) to ensure the safety of; sécurité civile/publique civil/public security; en toute sécurité [travailler, voyager, se baigner] in complete safety; la sécurité matérielle/financière material/financial security; sécurité de l'emploi job security; de sécurité [système, forces, services] security; [dispositif, garantie, zone] safety; [raisons, question, problème] of security ( après n); règles or consignes de sécurité safety regulations; avoir une impression de sécurité to feel secure; être/se sentir en sécurité to be/to feel secure ou safe (auprès de with).sécurité routière road safety; sécurité sociale, SS French national health and pensions organization.ⓘ Sécurité sociale The national system for provision of sickness, maternity, child, unemployment, old-age and housing benefits. All workers make contributions in régimes or classifications of membership.[sekyrite] nom féminin1. [protection d'une personne - physique] safety, security ; [ - matérielle, affective etc] security2. [surveillance - de bâtiments, d'installations] security3. ARMEMENT [d'un tank, d'un navire] safety catch ou mechanism————————de sécurité locution adjectivale[dispositif, mesure] safety (modificateur)————————en sécurité locution adjectivaleêtre/se sentir en sécurité to be/to feel safe————————en sécurité locution adverbialeen toute sécurité locution adverbiale————————Sécurité sociale nom féminin1. [système] French social security system2. [organisme] ≃ DSS (UK)The Sécu, as it is popularly known, created in 1945-46, provides public health benefits, pensions, maternity leave etc. These benefits are paid for by obligatory insurance contributions ( cotisations) made by employers ( cotisations patronales) and employees ( cotisations salariales). Many French people have complementary health insurance provided by a mutuelle, which guarantees payment of all or part of the expenses not covered by the Sécurité sociale. -
11 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
12 provide
1) (to give or supply: He provided the wine for the meal; He provided them with a bed for the night.) proporcionar, proveer, suministrar, facilitar2) ((with for) to have enough money to supply what is necessary: He is unable to provide for his family.) mantener•- provided- providing
provide vb proveer / suministrar / proporcionarthe power station provides electricity for the whole area la central suministra electricidad a toda la zonatr[prə'vaɪd]1 (supply - gen) proveer, suministrar, proporcionar; (information, facts, etc) proporcionar, facilitar1 (of law, rule, clause) estipular2 proveer\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto provide oneself with something proveerse de algo1) stipulate: estipular2)to provide with : proveer de, proporcionarprovide vi1) : proveerthe Lord will provide: el Señor proveerá2)to provide for support: mantener3)to providefor anticipate: hacer previsiones para, preverv.• abastar v.• abastecer v.• apercibir v.• aportar v.• deparar v.• facilitar v.• habilitar v.• pertrechar v.• proporcionar v.• proveer v.• subvenir v.(§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos) pret: -vin-fut: -vendr-•)• suministrar (IND, INF) v.• surtir v.prə'vaɪd
1.
1) ( supply)to provide somebody WITH something — proveer* a alguien de algo, suministrarle or proporcionarle algo a alguien
to provide something (FOR/TO somebody/something): is accommodation provided? ¿nos (or les etc) dan alojamiento?; textbooks will be provided se proporcionarán or se facilitarán los libros de texto; the garden provides enough vegetables for the family el huerto abastece a la familia de verduras; the meeting provided an opportunity to... — la reunión ofreció or brindó la oportunidad de...
2) ( stipulate) (frml) \<\<clause/contract\>\> estipular
2.
vi proveer*Phrasal Verbs:[prǝ'vaɪd]1. VT1) (=supply)a) [+ materials, food] proporcionar, suministrar; [+ money, information, evidence] proporcionar, facilitar; [+ service] prestarplease place your litter in the receptacle provided — por favor hagan uso de los recipientes que les hemos proporcionado or suministrado para depositar la basura
the meeting provided an opportunity to talk — la reunión les brindó or ofreció la oportunidad de hablar
•
to provide sth for sb/sth, I will provide food for everyone — proveeré a todo el mundo de comida, proporcionaré or daré comida a todo el mundoit provides accommodation for five families — provee a cinco familias de alojamiento, da or proporciona alojamiento a cinco familias
the company provides free health care for its employees — la empresa presta asistencia médica gratis a sus empleados
they've asked the United Nations to provide protection for civilians — han pedido a las Naciones Unidas que faciliten protección a la población civil
to provide funding/money for sth — proporcionar or facilitar fondos/dinero para algo
•
to provide a solution (to sth) — ofrecer una solución (a algo)b)• to provide sb with sth — [+ materials, food] proveer a algn de algo, suministrar algo a algn; [+ money, information, details] proporcionar or facilitar algo a algn; [+ service] proporcionar algo a algn; [+ means] facilitar algo a algn; [+ opportunity] brindar algo a algn
it provides the plant with a continuous flow of nutrients — provee a la planta de or suministra a la planta un flujo continuo de nutrientes
c)• to provide o.s. with sth — proveerse de algo
plants produce sugars and starch to provide themselves with energy — las plantas producen azúcares y almidón para proveerse de energía
2) (=have available) estar provisto dethe field provides plenty of space for a car park — el campo está provisto de muchísimo espacio para un aparcamiento de coches
3) (=stipulate)the law provides that... — la ley estipula or dispone que...
2.VIprovide for* * *[prə'vaɪd]
1.
1) ( supply)to provide somebody WITH something — proveer* a alguien de algo, suministrarle or proporcionarle algo a alguien
to provide something (FOR/TO somebody/something): is accommodation provided? ¿nos (or les etc) dan alojamiento?; textbooks will be provided se proporcionarán or se facilitarán los libros de texto; the garden provides enough vegetables for the family el huerto abastece a la familia de verduras; the meeting provided an opportunity to... — la reunión ofreció or brindó la oportunidad de...
2) ( stipulate) (frml) \<\<clause/contract\>\> estipular
2.
vi proveer*Phrasal Verbs: -
13 product
ком., марк. продукт; продукція; виріб; товар; фабрикат все, що задовольняє потреби людини у процесах виробництва, обміну, розподілу і споживання — це товари (goods), послуги (service¹), ідеї, діяльність і т. ін.; ♦ продукт визначається ознаками користі і якості, він розрізняється за назвою торговельної марки (trademark), упаковкою (packaging) і т. ін.═════════■═════════agricultural products сільськогосподарська продукція; ancillary products допоміжні продукти; animal products продукти тваринного походження; animal and plant products продукти рослинного і тваринного походження; auxiliary products допоміжні продукти; basic products основні продукти; branded products продукти з фабричною маркою • продукти з торговельною маркою; bulky products громіздкі товари; by-product побічний продукт • проміжний виріб; capital-intensive product капіталомістка продукція; certified product сертифікований продукт; chemical products хімічна продукція; commercial product товарна продукція; comparable product порівняльна продукція; competitive product конкурентоспроможна продукція; consumer products споживчі товари; core product основний продукт; custom-made product виріб, виготовлений на замовлення; dairy products молочні продукти; different products різноманітні продукти; diversified products багато-номенклатурна продукція; domestic products вітчизняна продукція • товари внутрішнього виробництва; end-product кінцевий продукт • готовий виріб; environment-friendly product продукт, сприятливіший для довкілля; excess product надлишковий продукт • зайвий продукт; export products експортна продукція; factory products фабричні вироби • продукція виробництва; final product кінцевий продукт • готова продукція; finished product готовий виріб; food products харчові продукти • продовольчі товари; foreign products товари закордонного виробництва; forest products продукція лісової промисловості; formal product формальний продукт; fresh products свіжа продукція; frozen products заморожені товари; generic product немарочні продукти; good quality products високоякісні вироби; green-labelled product екологічно чистий продукт; gross product валовий продукт; gross domestic product; gross national product; health care products продукти для догляду за здоров'ям; high-grade product високоякісний виріб; household products товар домашнього вжитку; imported products імпортна продукція; improved product удосконалений виріб; industrial products промислові вироби; inedible products неїстівні продукти; intermediate product проміжний продукт; intangible product нематеріальний продукт; joint products продукція спільного виробництва (напр. газ і кокс із вугілля) • супутні товари; labour-intensive product трудомісткий продукт; licensed product продукція, вироблена за ліцензією; listed products номенклатура виробів; made-to-order product виріб, виготовлений на замовлення; main product основний продукт; manufactured products товари фабричного виробництва • готовий виріб; marginal product граничний продукт • виріб із гранично можливими характеристиками; marketable product популярна продукція; multi-use product продукт багаторазового використання • продукт багаторазового вжитку; national product (NP) національний продукт; net product чистий продукт; net domestic product чистий внутрішній продукт; net material product чистий продукт матеріального виробництва; net national product чистий національний продукт; nonpatentable product непатентоспроможний виріб; nonstandard product нестандартний виріб; nonstorable product продукція, яка не підлягає збереженню; obsolete product застарілий продукт; patentable product патентоспроможний продукт; patented product запатентований продукт; perishable product швидкопсувний продукт • продукт, що швидко псується; physical product фізичний продукт; primary product первинний продукт; processed product перероблений продукт; promoted product рекламований товар; proven product перевірений продукт; ready-made product готовий виріб; rejected product забракований виріб; related products споріднені продукти; returned product повернений продукт; revised product поновлена продукція • модернізована продукція; rival product конкуруючий продукт; saleable products популярна продукція; secondary product побічний продукт • вторинний продукт; semifinished product напівфабрикат; semimanufactured product напівфабрикат; semiprocessed product напівфабрикат; serial products серійна продукція; software product програмний продукт; spoiled products зіпсовані товари; standard products стандартна продукція; standardized product нормований продукт; staple product основний продукт; substitute product продукт-замінник • ерзац; tangible product матеріальний продукт; total product сукупний продукт; unfinished products напівфабрикати; unmarketable products непопулярна продукція; unpatented product незапатентований продукт; useless product непридатний продукт; waste products відходи виробництва═════════□═════════product attributes властивості продукції; product characteristics характеристика продукції; product combination асортимент продукції • товарна номенклатура; product cost; product description опис виробу; product design проектування продукту; product development розробка нової продукції; product differentiation диференціація продукції; product group товарна група; product image образ товару; product information інформація про продукт; product innovation новий виріб • нова продукція; product knowledge дані про продукт; product labelling маркування продукції • наліплювання етикеток на продукт; product liability insurance страхування відповідальності за якість продукту; product life cycle (PLC) життєвий цикл продукту; product line; product manager керівник випуску продукції; product market ринок продукції; product mix; product modification модифікація продукту; product placing розміщення продукції; product placement розміщення продукції; product planning планування випуску продукції; product portfolio асортимент продукції; product protection захист продукту; product range асортимент продукції • номенклатура виробів; product recall відкликання продукту; product selection добір продукції; product sheet карта технологічного процесу; product specialization виробнича спеціалізація; product standard виробничий стандарт; product subsidy субсидія на виробництво продукції; product unit одиниця продукції; product variety різноманітність продукції; product width асортимент продукції • номенклатура виробів; to advertise a product рекламувати продукт; to assess a product оцінювати/оцінити продукт; to demonstrate a product демонструвати/продемонструвати продукт; to design product проектувати/спроектувати продукт • планувати/спланувати продукт; to develop products розробляти/ розробити продукти; to evaluate a product оцінювати/оцінити продукт; to exhibit products експонувати продукцію; to feature products експонувати продукцію; to guarantee a product гарантувати якість виробів • забезпечувати/забезпечити якість продуктів; to label a product позначати/позначити виріб; to launch a product випускати/випустити продукт • починати/почати випуск продукту; to list products укладати/укласти список товарів; to manufacture products виробляти/виробити продукцію • виготовляти/виготовити продукцію; to process products переробляти/переробити продукцію; to sell products продавати/продати продукти; to show products експонувати продукти; to store products розміщати/розмістити товар на складіproduct ‡ B. four principles of marketing (386)▹▹ product line▹▹ product mix* * *( banking) банківський продукт; банківська послуга -
14 product
nпродукт, продукция, изделие
- advanced products
- agricultural products
- aircraft products
- all-season product
- ancillary products
- animal products
- animal and plant products
- annual product
- auxiliary product
- aviation products
- banking product
- basic products
- bespoke banking product
- branded products
- bulky product
- capital-intensive product
- capitalized product
- captive product
- certified product
- characteristic product
- chemical products
- commercial product
- commodity product
- comparable products
- comparative products
- competitive products
- complete product
- conforming product
- consumer product
- consumption product
- custom-made product
- dairy products
- defensive products
- delivered products
- different products
- differentiated products
- diversified products
- domestic products
- dumped products
- end product
- engineering products
- excess product
- expensive products
- export products
- exported products
- factory products
- factory-made products
- farm products
- final product
- finished product
- first-class product
- first-rate product
- flexible products
- fodder products
- food products
- foreign products
- foreign-made products
- forest products
- fresh products
- frozen products
- genetically modified products
- good quality product
- gross product
- gross domestic product
- gross national product
- half-finished product
- hard-to-move product
- hard-to-sell product
- health care products
- high-grade product
- highly effective products
- highly efficient products
- highly technical product
- high-priced products
- high-quality products
- high-reliability product
- high-technology products
- home product
- home-made product
- home-used product
- hottest-selling products
- imported products
- industrial products
- industrialized products
- inedible products
- inland product
- insurance product
- intermediate product
- joint products
- labour-intensive product
- licensed product
- listed products
- livestock products
- low-priced products
- made-to-order product
- main product
- manufactured products
- marginal product
- marginal revenue product
- marginal value product
- marketable product
- merchantable sales product
- multi-use product
- national product
- net product
- net domestic product
- net material product
- net national product
- newly designed product
- noncapitalized product
- nonpatentable product
- nonstandard product
- nonstorable product
- obsolescent product
- off-standard product
- patentable product
- patented product
- perishable product
- piggyback product
- pioneer product
- potential gross national product
- primary product
- prime product
- prime quality product
- private label product
- processed product
- promising product
- promoted product
- proprietary product
- proven product
- purchased product
- qualified product
- quality product
- questionable product
- ready-made product
- real net national product
- rejected product
- related products
- respective products
- returned product
- revised product
- rival product
- saleable products
- science-intensive products
- secondary product
- semifinished product
- semimanufactured product
- semiprocessed product
- semistandard product
- serial products
- sideline products
- similar products
- single-use product
- slow-moving product
- social product
- sold products
- sophisticated products
- special products
- spoiled products
- standard products
- standardized product
- substandard product
- substitution product
- superior product
- surplus product
- tangible product
- timber and paper products
- top quality product
- total product
- tying products
- unidentified product
- unfinished products
- unified product
- unmarketable products
- unpatented product
- unsaleable product
- useless product
- various products
- waste products
- product of industry
- product of labour
- products of superior quality
- products of vegetable and animal origin
- product superior in quality
- advertise a product
- assess a product
- deal in products
- demonstrate a product
- develop new products
- evaluate a product
- exchange products
- exhibit products
- feature products
- freeze products
- guarantee a product
- introduce a product into the market
- label a product
- launch a product
- list products
- manufacture products
- process products
- sell products
- show products
- store products
- turn out productsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > product
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15 servicio
m.1 service.hubo que recurrir a los servicios de un abogado we had to use the services of a lawyerservicio discrecional private serviceservicio a domicilio home delivery serviceservicio de habitaciones room serviceservicio de inteligencia intelligence serviceservicio militar military serviceservicios mínimos skeleton serviceservicio de paquetería parcel serviceservicio posventa after-sales serviceservicio público public serviceservicio secreto secret servicelos servicios sociales the social services2 service (funcionamiento).entrar en servicio to come into service3 duty (turno).estar de servicio to be on duty4 servants (servidumbre).servicio doméstico domestic help5 toilet (WC) (peninsular Spanish).¿dónde están los servicios? where are the toilets?, where's the bathroom? (United States)6 services (economics).7 serve, service (sport).8 favor, favour, service, accommodation.9 rest room, restroom, toilet room, bathroom.10 utility, public utility.11 usefulness, workability, service, helpfulness.12 table setting.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: serviciar.* * *1 (gen) service3 (juego, conjunto) set4 (favor) service, favour (US favor)5 DEPORTE service, serve\entrar en servicio to come into serviceestar al servicio de alguien to be at somebody's serviceestar de servicio to be on dutyhacer servicio / prestar servicio to do a favour (US favor)hacer un flaco servicio familiar to do more harm than goodponer en servicio to put into operationprestar servicio to serveservicio incluido service charge includedservicio a domicilio home delivery serviceservicio de urgencias emergency serviceservicio militar military serviceservicios públicos public services, utilities* * *noun m.1) service2) serve•* * *SM1) (=ayuda, atención)a) [a empresa, país] service•
al servicio de, un agente secreto al servicio de la Corona — a secret agent in the service of the Crown•
estar de servicio — to be on dutyestar de servicio de guardia — (Mil) to be on guard duty
b) [a cliente] serviceservicio a domicilio — we deliver, home delivery service
c) [de tren, autobús] serviceservicio a bordo — [en avión] in-flight services pl ; [en barco, tren] services on board pl
servicio de información, servicio de inteligencia — intelligence service
servicio de orden — [en manifestación] stewards pl, marshals pl
servicio de préstamo a domicilio — lending facility, home lending service
estación 1)servicios mínimos — minimum service sing, skeleton service sing
2) (=funcionamiento)•
estar en servicio — to be in service•
entrar en servicio — to come o go into service•
fuera de servicio — out of service•
poner en servicio — to put into serviceestá previsto poner en servicio una segunda pista de aterrizaje — there are plans to open a second runway, there are plans to put a second runway into operation o service
3) (=beneficio) servicees un abrigo viejo, pero me hace mucho servicio — it's an old coat, but I get a lot of use out of it
•
hacer un flaco servicio a algn — to do sb a disservice4) (Mil) (tb: servicio militar) military service5) [en un hospital] department"servicio de pediatría" — "paediatric department"
servicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department
6) pl servicios (Econ) public services7) (=retrete público) toilet, washroom (EEUU), restroom (EEUU)¿dónde están los servicios? — where are the toilets?
8) [en la mesa]a) [para cada comensal]faltan dos servicios — we are two places o settings short
b) (=juego) setservicio de café — coffee set, coffee service
servicio de té — tea set, tea service
9) (=servidumbre) (tb: servicio doméstico) (=personas) servants pl ; (=actividad) service, domestic service•
escalera de servicio — service staircase•
puerta de servicio — tradesman's entrance10) (Tenis) serve, serviceromper el servicio de algn — to break sb's serve o service
11) (Rel) service12) (Econ) [de una deuda] servicing13) LAm [de un automóvil] servicele toca el servicio a los 3.000km — it's due (for) a service after 3000km
* * *1)a) ( acción de servir) serviceservicio permanente or de 24 horas — round-the-clock o 24-hour service
b) ( favor) favor*, serviceme prestó un servicio inestimable — she did me a really good turn o a very great service
c) servicios masculino plural ( asistencia) services (pl)2)a) ( funcionamiento) service, usehan puesto en servicio el nuevo andén — the new platform is now in use o is now open
¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? — when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?
b) ( sistema) service3)a) ( en hospital) departmentservicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department
b) servicios masculino plural (Econ) public services (pl)4) (en restaurante, hotel)a) ( atención al cliente) serviceb) ( propina) service (charge)5) ( servidumbre)habitación or cuarto de servicio — servant's quarters (frml), maid's room
6) (Mil) service7) ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)8)a) ( juego de loza)servicio de té — tea service o set
b) ( juego de cubiertos) set of cutlery; ( cubierto para cada comensal)9) ( en tenis) service, serve10) (Relig) service11) (AmL) (Auto) service* * *1)a) ( acción de servir) serviceservicio permanente or de 24 horas — round-the-clock o 24-hour service
b) ( favor) favor*, serviceme prestó un servicio inestimable — she did me a really good turn o a very great service
c) servicios masculino plural ( asistencia) services (pl)2)a) ( funcionamiento) service, usehan puesto en servicio el nuevo andén — the new platform is now in use o is now open
¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? — when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?
b) ( sistema) service3)a) ( en hospital) departmentservicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department
b) servicios masculino plural (Econ) public services (pl)4) (en restaurante, hotel)a) ( atención al cliente) serviceb) ( propina) service (charge)5) ( servidumbre)habitación or cuarto de servicio — servant's quarters (frml), maid's room
6) (Mil) service7) ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)8)a) ( juego de loza)servicio de té — tea service o set
b) ( juego de cubiertos) set of cutlery; ( cubierto para cada comensal)9) ( en tenis) service, serve10) (Relig) service11) (AmL) (Auto) service* * *servicio11 = toilet, washroom, bathroom, restroom [rest room], lavatory, public toilet, little boys room, little girls room, loo.Ex: Such things as the minimum room temperature within one hour of starting work, the adequacy of light and ventilation, toilet provision, fire regulations and exits are all well covered in considerable detail.
Ex: The library office is in the basement, 'downstairs' as it is euphemistically referred to, along with a staff lounge, the washrooms, heating equipment, and electrical and janitor's closets.Ex: This article presents a brief guide to collection development in the area of renovating kitchens and bathrooms = This artículo presenta una guía breve para el desarrollo de la colección en los temas relacionados con la reforma de cocinas y cuartos de baño.Ex: Airport restrooms have become popular meeting places for men looking for sexual trysts with other men.Ex: One very elementary kind of invitation might be the introduction of lavatories in public libraries: a facility to be found in department stores, which are interested in service to valued customers.Ex: This paper presents arguments for and against libraries in the USA having condom dispensing machines in their public toilets.Ex: When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.Ex: When I went to the little boys/ girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.Ex: Early on on a Friday night and three of the loos were out of order, the floor was covered in a layer of rancid water and it stank to high heaven.* servicios de señoras = women's room.servicio22 = capability, facility, feature, service, servicing, utility, service charges, service facility.Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.
Ex: Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.Ex: Electronic Maildrop is an online document ordering feature, where documents can be ordered from various suppliers.Ex: 'All aboard the orientation express' is a programme to introduce children to the services provided by the library and teach them to use the microfiche catalogue.Ex: There was also the difficulty that inter-departmental servicing was not undertaken in a co-operative, sharing, spirit.Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.Ex: These prices include breakfast (full buffet including a large selection of hot and cold entrees, salads, cheeses, pastries, etc.) and all service charges.Ex: The author offer guidelines for managers and policy makers to aid the process of planning the establishment of data service facilities in a library.* abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.* adscripción en comisión de servicios = secondment.* agencia de servicios = service agency.* al servicio de = at the service of.* al servicio de la nación = uniformed.* a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.* arma de servicio = service weapon.* bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.* bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.* bibliotecario en servicios mínimos = duty librarian.* bienes y servicios = goods and services.* buscar los servicios de = engage.* calidad de los servicios = service quality.* calidad del servicio = service quality.* calidad en el servicio = quality performance, performance quality.* callejón de servicio = service road.* cambiar de servicio = churn.* cambio de servicio = churn.* carta de servicios = service offer.* centrado en el servicio = service-focused.* cobro de servicios = fee services.* cobro por servicios = fee services, fee for services.* cobro por servicios prestados = fee for services.* comercializar un servicio = market + service, broker + service.* conceder comisión de servicios = second.* Consejo de los Servicios de Biblioteconomía y Documentación (LISC) = Library and Information Services Council (LISC).* contratar los servicios de Alguien = enrol [enroll -USA].* convocatoria de oferta de servicios = invitation to tender (ITT).* dar servicio = service.* dar un servicio = do + service.* dedicado al servicio = service-oriented.* departamento de servicios técnicos = technical services department.* de servicio = on duty, on call.* de servicio a la sociedad = public-spirited.* de servicio al usuario = client-serving.* dirigir un servicio = run + service.* División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).* empresa de servicios = service organisation, service agency, service company.* empresa de servicios de información = information broker, broker, information broking.* empresa de servicio social = social utility.* empresa de servicios públicos = public utility, utility company.* en comisión de servicios = seconded.* estación de servicio = gas station, petrol station, service station, gasoline station.* estando de servicio = while on the job.* ética de servicio = service ethic.* externalización de servicios = outsourcing [out-sourcing], externalisation of services.* falto de servicios = underserved.* fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.* función de servicio = service function.* hueco de servicio = service core.* impuesto de bienes y servicios = goods and services tax.* industria de servicios = service industry.* industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.* instalar un servicio = mount + service.* jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).* jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.* jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.* libre de servicio = off-duty.* montar un servicio = mount + service.* oferta de servicios = service provision, service offer.* oficial de servicio = duty officer.* ofrecer servicio = service.* ofrecer un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, do + service.* orientado al servicio de la gente = people-centred, people-centric.* orientado al servicio de las personas = people-centred.* orientado hacia el servicio = service orientated, service-focused.* orientar un servicio hacia = target + service.* período de servicio = tour of duty.* personal de servicios = service worker.* personas faltas de servicios, las = underserved, the.* por todo el servicio = service-wide.* prestación de servicios = service delivery.* prestar un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, render + service, give + service to, deliver + service, deliver + value, produce + the goods, do + service.* prestar un servicio a los usuarios = serve + patrons.* profesional dedicado al servicio = service professional.* profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.* profesión dedicada al servicio = service profession.* profesión dedicada al servicio de otros = helping profession.* profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.* promover un servicio = launch + service.* proveedor de servicios = service supplier, service provider.* proveedor de servicios de Internet = Internet provider.* Proveedor de Servicios de Internet (ISP) = ISP (Internet Service Provider).* punto de servicio = service point.* responsable del servicio de emergencias = emergency official.* responsable del servicio de referencia = reference administrator.* separación de servicios = unbundling.* servicio a domicilio = home delivery.* servicio a través de terceros = third-party service.* servicio a uno mismo = self-service.* servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.* servicio bibliográfico = bibliographic service, bibliographic utility.* servicio bibliotecario = library facility, library service.* servicio bibliotecario mediante pago = fee-based library service.* servicio bibliotecario penintenciario = prison library service.* servicio central = main site service.* servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.* servicio comercial = commercial service, commercial vendor, charged service.* servicio comunitario = community service.* servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.* servicio de acompañante = escort service.* servicio de actualización permanente = current awareness, current-awareness service.* servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.* servicio de aduanas = customs and excise agency.* servicio de alerta = alert service.* servicio de aparcacoches = valet parking.* servicio de apoyo = backup service, support service.* servicio de asesoramiento = consulting service, counselling service, advisory service.* servicio de asesoramiento jurídico = legal aid service.* servicio de asistencia = provider service.* servicio de atención = advisory service.* servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.* servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).* servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.* servicio de atención de día = day care.* servicio de autobuses = bus service.* servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.* servicio de búsqueda = search service.* servicio de canguros = baby-sitting service.* servicio de catalogación = cataloguing service.* servicio de compañía = escort service.* servicio de compra por televisión = teleshopping service.* servicio de compras = acquisition(s) service.* servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.* servicio de correo = mail service.* servicio de correo electrónico = electronic mail service.* servicio de correos = postal service.* servicio de cuidado de día = day care.* servicio de difusión selectiva de la información = SDI service.* servicio de directorios = directory service.* servicio de distribución = host service.* servicio de documentación = documentation service.* servicio de emergencia = emergency service.* servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).* servicio de envío = turnaround.* Servicio de Envío de Artículos Originales (OATS) = Original Article Tearsheet Service (OATS).* servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.* servicio de fotocopia = copying facilities.* servicio de fotocopias = photocopying service.* servicio de fotodocumentación = photocopying service.* servicio de habitaciones = room service.* servicio de impresión = offline print facility.* servicio de indización = indexing service.* servicio de indización de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals indexing service.* servicio de indización y resumen = indexing and abstracting service.* servicio de información = alerting device, information service, information delivery service, information utility.* servicio de información al consumidor = Consumer Advice Centre (CAC), consumer advisory service.* servicio de información ciudadana = community information service.* servicio de información electrónica = electronic information service.* servicio de información en línea = online information service.* servicio de información local = local information service.* servicio de información sectorial = sectoral information service.* servicio de informática = computing service.* servicio de inteligencia = intelligence community, intelligence agency.* servicio de jurado = jury duty.* servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.* servicio de limpieza = janitorial services.* servicio de mantenimiento técnico = support service.* servicio de mensajería = courier service.* servicio de microfilmación = microfilm service, microfilming service.* servicio de noticias = news service.* servicio de novedades = news alerts.* servicio de novedades a través del correo electrónico = e-mail alert.* servicio de orientación = referral service, advisory service.* servicio de orientación al lector = readers' advisory service point, readers' advisory service.* servicio de petición de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).* servicio de preparación = training facility.* servicio de préstamo = lending service, loaner service.* servicio de préstamo a domicilio = home lending service.* servicio de préstamo de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).* servicio de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlending service.* servicio de recuperación en línea = online retrieval service.* servicio de referencia = reference desk, reference service, enquiry service.* Servicio de Referencia Asistido por Ordenador (MARS) = MARS (Machine Assisted Reference Service).* servicio de referencia bibliotecario = library reference service.* servicio de referencia electrónica = electronic reference service [e-reference service].* servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.* servicio de referencia por correo electrónico = electronic mail reference service.* servicio de registros MARC, el = MARC service, the.* servicio de reparto con furgoneta = van delivery service.* servicio de respuesta = turnaround.* servicio de restauración = caterer.* servicio de resúmenes = abstracting service.* servicio de salud pública = health service.* servicio de seguridad = security service.* servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).* servicio de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone service, mobile phone service.* servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).* servicio de única ventanilla = one-stop service.* servicio doméstico = cleaning lady, domestic service, housekeeper.* servicio en la Guardia Nacional = National Guard duty.* servicio en línea = online service.* servicio especial de autobuses = bus shuttle service, bus shuttle, shuttle bus service, shuttle bus.* servicio especial de transporte = shuttle, shuttle service.* servicio exhaustivo = service in-depth.* servicio extra = frill.* servicio funerario = funeral service.* servicio gratis = frill.* servicio gratuito = free service.* servicio las 24 horas = 24 hour(s) service, 24 hour(s) service.* servicio médico = medical care, medical aid, medical assistance.* servicio meteorológico = meteorological service.* servicio metereológico = weather bureau, weather service.* servicio militar = military service, soldiering.* servicio militar obligatorio = conscription, compulsory military service, draft, the, military draft.* servicio nacional = domestic service.* servicio no incluido = hidden extra.* servicio postal = postal service, postal delivery service.* servicio postventa = after-sales service.* servicio público = amenity, public service, public utility, utility service.* servicio regional de sanidad = hospital board.* servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.* servicio religioso = ceremonial service.* servicio remoto = remote service.* servicios a lectores = readers' services.* servicios a los estudiantes = student services.* servicio sanitario = health service.* servicios automatizados = automation capabilities.* servicios básicos = amenities.* servicios bibliotecarios = library provision.* servicios bibliotecarios para jóvenes = youth services.* servicios bibliotecarios para los marginados = library services to the disadvantaged.* servicios bibliotecarios para los sordos = library services for the deaf.* servicios complementarios = added-value services.* servicios de asistencia = remedial services.* servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.* servicios de autopista = highway facilities.* servicios de cafetería = food services.* servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.* servicios de emergencia = emergency assistance.* servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.* servicios de información = Information and Referral services.* servicios de información bibliográfica = bibliographical services.* servicios de información y referencia = I&R services (Information and Referral).* servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).* servicios de trenes = rail facilities.* servicios mínimos = skeleton staff.* servicio social = social service.* servicio social sustitutorio = community service.* servicios orientados hacia el usuario final = end-user services.* servicios para adultos = adult services.* servicios sociales = human services, welfare services.* Servicios Técnicos y de Recursos para la Biblioteca (LRTS) = LRTS (Library Resources and Technical Services).* servicio técnico = technical service, technical support, tech support.* servicio telefónico = telephone service.* servicio universal = universal service.* servicio valioso = yeoman service.* solicitar un servicio = call on/upon + service.* suplemento por servicio = service charges.* suspender un servicio = withdraw + service.* tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.* tipo de servicio = style of service.* trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.* un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.* valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.* vender un servicio = market + service.* vía de servicio = service road.* * *A1 (acción de servir) servicea partir del próximo lunes estaremos a su servicio en nuestro nuevo local from next Monday we will be open for business at our new premisesdurante la guerra prestó servicio como médico en el frente during the war he served as a doctor at the frontle regalaron un reloj cuando cumplió 20 años de servicio he was given a watch when he completed 20 years' serviceestoy de servicio I'm on dutyun policía libre de servicio an off-duty policeman[ S ] servicio permanente or de 24 horas round-the-clock o 24-hour service2 (favor) favor*, serviceal despedirte te hizo un gran servicio he did you a great service o favor by firing you ( colloq)me prestó un servicio inestimable recomendándome para el trabajo she did me a really good turn o a very great service by recommending me for the jobme ofreció sus servicios muy amablemente he kindly offered me his servicespasó a prestar sus servicios como asesor legal he went on to work as a legal adviserrecurrieron a los servicios de un abogado conocido they sought the advice of a well-known lawyerles agradecemos los servicios prestados we would like to thank you for all your work o helpCompuestos:(home) delivery servicecustomer servicesupport servicescatering service(de datos, detalles) information service; ( Mil) intelligence serviceintelligence servicecleaning service ( BrE)stewards (pl), marshals (pl)prevention servicesecurity servicetrain service≈ coastguard servicediplomatic service( Esp) memorandumafter-sales servicepublic servicesecret servicempl news services (pl)mpl minimum o skeleton servicesocial services (pl)B1 (funcionamiento) service, usehan puesto en servicio el nuevo andén the new platform is now in use o is now open¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?han suspendido el servicio hasta nuevo aviso (the) service has been interrupted until further notice[ S ] fuera de servicio out of service2 (sistema) serviceservicio de teléfonos telephone serviceservicio de trenes train servicetodos los servicios all the main servicesel servicio de la línea 19 es pésimo the number 19 is a terrible serviceC1 (en un hospital) departmentservicio de ginecología gynecology departmentservicio de urgencias accident and emergency department, casualty department ( BrE)es jefe del servicio de cirugía he is the chief surgeonuna empresa del sector servicios a company in the public service sectorD (en un restaurante, hotel)1 (atención) serviceuna excelente carta y un servicio esmerado an excellent menu and impeccable service2 (propina) service, service charge[ S ] servicio e impuestos incluidos tax and service includedno nos han cobrado el servicio they haven't charged for serviceE(servidumbre): sólo hablan de los problemas del servicio all they talk about is the problems of having servantsse quedaron sin servicio they were left without any domestic helpescalera de servicio service staircaseentrada de servicio tradesmen's entrancehabitación or cuarto de servicio servant's quarters (pl) ( frml), maid's roomCompuesto:siempre ha trabajado en servicio doméstico he has always worked in domestic service, he has been in service all his lifelas habitaciones destinadas al servicio doméstico the servants' quartersF ( Mil) serviceestar en servicio to be in serviceCompuestos:active servicemilitary serviceaquí no hay servicio militar obligatorio there is no compulsory military service hereG¿los servicios, por favor? can you tell me where the washrooms are, please?, can you tell me where the ladies'/gents' is please? ( BrE)2 (orinal) chamber potH1 (de cubiertos) set of cutlery o flatware ( AmE)(de loza): servicio de café coffee setservicio de té tea service o seteste juego no tiene servicio de pescado there are no fish knives in this canteen o set2 (individual) piecevajilla de doce servicios twelve-piece dinner serviceI (en tenis) service, serveservicio de Fortín Fortín to servetiene que mejorar su servicio she needs to work on her serveK ( Agr) serviceL ( Relig) service* * *
servicio sustantivo masculino
1
estar de servicio [policía/bombero] to be on duty;
servicio público public service;
servicios informativos broadcasting services (pl)
c)
me ofreció sus servicios he offered me his services
2 ( funcionamiento) service, use;
han puesto en servicio el nuevo andén the new platform is now in use o is now open
3 ( en hospital) department;
4 (en restaurante, hotel)
5 ( servidumbre):
cuarto de servicio servant's quarters ;
(frml), maid's room;
( personas) servants (pl), domestic staff
6 (Mil) service;
7 ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)
8 ( en tenis) service, serve
9 (Relig) service
(AmL) (Auto) service
servicio sustantivo masculino
1 service
estar de servicio, to be on duty
servicio a domicilio, delivery service
servicio doméstico, domestic service
servicio militar, military service
fuera de servicio, out of order
2 (utilidad) use: esa mesita me hace mucho servicio, this table is very useful
3 (conjunto) en esta mesa falta un servicio, we need to set another place at the table
servicio de café, coffee service
4 (cuarto de baño) toilet sing, US rest room sing
' servicio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acto
- área
- bloquear
- camarera
- camarero
- cerrar
- correo
- dirigirse
- disposición
- encargar
- exenta
- exento
- guardia
- incluida
- incluido
- informatización
- inteligencia
- juventud
- parque
- postventa
- posventa
- prestar
- prestación
- supresión
- suprimir
- apto
- asegurar
- asistencia
- atender
- calidad
- circular
- cubierto
- cumplir
- doméstico
- empleada
- entrega
- estación
- exprés
- favor
- funcionamiento
- funcionar
- interrumpir
- muchacha
- operar
- postal
- puente
- puerta
- puesta
- recluta
- reparto
English:
after-sales
- agent
- answering service
- around-the clock
- auxiliary
- bargain for
- bargain on
- bed
- bog
- break
- breakdown
- charge
- commission
- conscription
- dissatisfaction
- disservice
- duty
- excuse
- foreign service
- gent
- ground
- health service
- inclusive
- INS
- intelligence
- lousy
- mail
- National Health Service
- off-duty
- on
- pay
- privatize
- public convenience
- reinstate
- room service
- run
- secret service
- serve
- service
- service charge
- shuttle
- skeleton
- support
- toilet-train
- toilet-training
- tour
- unit
- use
- utility
- amenity
* * *servicio nm1. [prestación, asistencia, sistema] service;se ha suspendido el servicio en la línea 1 de autobús the number 1 bus isn't running today;hubo que recurrir a los servicios de una agencia inmobiliaria we had to use the services of Br an estate agent o US a real estate office;el servicio postal/hospitalario the postal/hospital service;lleva muchos años al servicio de la empresa she has worked for the company for several years;estamos a su servicio para lo que necesite we are at your service if you need anything;nos ha ofrecido sus servicios he has offered us his services;por los servicios prestados for services rendered;Servicio de Administración Tributaria Br ≈ the Inland Revenue, US ≈ the IRS;servicio de asistencia técnica technical support;servicio de atención al cliente customer service department;servicios bancarios banking services;servicio discrecional private service;servicio a domicilio home delivery service;servicios financieros financial services;servicio de habitaciones room service;servicios informativos [de cadena de radio, televisión] news service;servicio de inteligencia intelligence service;servicio en línea on-line service;servicio de mensajería courier service;servicio militar military service;hacer el servicio militar to do one's military service;servicios mínimos [en huelga] skeleton service;servicio de paquetería parcel service;servicio posventa after-sales service;servicio de prensa press department;servicio público public service;servicio religioso religious service;servicio secreto secret service;servicios sociales social services;servicio técnico technical assistance;servicio de veinticuatro horas round-the-clock service2. [funcionamiento] service;entrar en servicio to come into service;estar fuera de servicio [máquina] to be out of order3. [servidumbre] servants;el servicio está fatal hoy en día you just can't find the staff these daysservicio doméstico domestic help4. [turno] duty;estar de servicio to be on dutyservicio activo [en el ejército] active service o duty5. [en tenis, squash] serve, service;primer/segundo servicio first/second serve o service;al servicio, Ríos Ríos to serve;mantener el servicio to hold one's serve6. [cubierto] place setting7. [juego de tazas, platos]servicio de café/té coffee/tea set;servicio de mesa dinner service8. [en restaurante] [atención al cliente] service;[recargo] service charge;dan un servicio pésimo the service is awful;el servicio está incluido service is included;servicio no incluido service is not included9.servicios [sector terciario] services;una empresa de servicios a services company;el sector servicios the services sector¿dónde están los servicios? where are the toilets?, US where's the bathroom?;el servicio de señoras/caballeros the ladies/gents* * *m1 service;estar al servicio de be at the service of;hacer un buen servicio a alguien do s.o. a great service;estar de servicio be on duty;libre de servicio off duty2:servicios pl restroom sg, Br toilets3 ( funcionamiento):fuera de servicio TÉC out of order;poner en servicio put into service* * *servicio nm1) : service2) saque: serve (in sports)3) servicios nmpl: restroom* * *servicio n1. (en general) service2. (aseo) toilet3. (en tenis) serve / service4. (asistente) domestic help -
16 centro
m.1 center.centro de atracción center of attractioncentro de gravedad center of gravitycentro de interés center of interestcentro de mesa centerpiececentro nervioso nerve centercentro óptico optic center2 center (establecimiento).centro de cálculo computer centercentro cívico community centercentro docente o de enseñanza educational institutioncentro recreativo leisure center3 city/town center.me voy al centro I'm going to towncentro ciudad o urbano city/town center (en letrero)4 center of the city, downtown, city centre.5 Centro.6 centrum.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: centrar.* * *1 centre (US center), middle2 (de ciudad) town centre, city centre, US downtown area■ me voy al centro I'm going into town, US I'm going downtown3 (asociación) centre (US center), association, institution4 DEPORTE cross, centre (US center)5 PLÍTICA centre (US center)\centro benéfico charitable organizationcentro ciudad city centre, US downtown areacentro comercial shopping centre, US mallcentro cultural cultural centre (US center)centro de atracción centre (US center) of attractioncentro de enseñanza educational institutioncentro de gravedad centre of gravitycentro de interés centre (US center) of interestcentro de mesa centrepiece (US centerpiece)centro docente educational institutioncentro sanitario hospital, clinicmedio centro DEPORTE centre (US center) halfpartido de centro PLÍTICA centre (US center) party* * *noun m.1) center2) downtown* * *1. SM1) (=medio) centre, center (EEUU)las regiones del centro del país — the central areas of the country, the areas in the centre of the country
pon el jarrón en el centro de la mesa — put the vase in the middle o centre of the table
2) [de ciudad] centre, center (EEUU)no se puede aparcar en el centro — you can't park in the centre (of town), you can't park downtown (EEUU)
un edificio del centro de Madrid — a building in the centre of Madrid o in Madrid town centre o (EEUU) in downtown Madrid
centro ciudad — city centre, town centre
•
ir al centro — to go into town, go downtown (EEUU)3) (Pol) centre, center (EEUU)ser de centro — [persona] to be a moderate; [partido] to be in the centre
los partidos de centro izquierda — the parties of the centre left, the centre-left parties
4) (=foco) [de huracán] centre, center (EEUU); [de incendio] seatha sido el centro de varias polémicas últimamente — he has been at the centre o heart of various controversies lately
el gobierno se ha convertido en el centro de las críticas — the government has become the target of criticism
Zaire fue el centro del interés internacional — Zaire was the focus of o was at the centre of international attention
•
ser el centro de las miradas, Roma es estos días el centro de todas las miradas — all eyes are on Rome at the moment5) (=establecimiento) centre, center (EEUU)dos alumnos han sido expulsados del centro — two students have been expelled from the school o centre
centro comercial — shopping centre, shopping mall
centro cultural — [en un barrio, institución] (local) arts centre; [de otro país] cultural centre
centro de abasto — Méx market
centro de acogida, centro de acogida de menores — children's home
centro de coordinación — [de la policía] operations room
centro (de determinación) de costos — (Com) cost centre
centro de enseñanza — [gen] educational institution; (=colegio) school
centro de enseñanza media, centro de enseñanza secundaria — secondary school
centro de jardinería — garden centre, garden center (EEUU)
centro de rastreo — (Astron) tracking centre
centro médico — [gen] medical establishment; (=hospital) hospital
centro penitenciario — prison, penitentiary (EEUU)
centro recreacional — Cuba, Ven sports centre, leisure centre
centro sanitario — = centro médico
centro universitario — (=facultad) faculty; (=universidad) university
6) (=población)centro turístico — (=lugar muy visitado) tourist centre; [diseñado para turistas] tourist resort
centro urbano — urban area, city
7) (=ropa) CAm (=juego) trousers and waistcoat, pants and vest (EEUU); And, Caribe (=enaguas) underskirt; And (=falda) thick flannel skirt2.SMF (Ftbl) centre•
delantero centro — centre-forward•
medio centro — centre-half* * *I1)a) (Mat) center*b) ( área central) center*ir al centro de la ciudad — to go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)
centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)
2) ( foco)a) ( de atención) center*b) (de actividades, servicios) center*un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center
un centro turístico — an tourist resort o center
3) (establecimiento, institución) center*4) (Pol) center*5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*•II1)a) (Mat) center*b) ( área central) center*ir al centro de la ciudad — to go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)
centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)
2) ( foco)a) ( de atención) center*b) (de actividades, servicios) center*un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center
un centro turístico — an tourist resort o center
3) (establecimiento, institución) center*4) (Pol) center*5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*•* * *= centre [center, -USA], core, hub, office, locus [loci, -pl.], focal point, operation, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], pivot.Ex. Over 3,000 such centres were set up, but most had closed by 1949.Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.Ex. And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.Ex. The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.Ex. The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.Ex. In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.Ex. The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.----* barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.* biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.* centro accesible mediante Telnet = Telnet-accesible site.* centro administrativo = administrative centre.* centro artístico = art(s) centre.* Centro Bibliotecario en Línea (OCLC) = OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).* centro cívico = civic centre.* centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, shopping mall, mall, outlet mall, plaza.* centro comunitario = village hall.* centro coordinador = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub.* centro coordinador de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* centro cultural = cultural centre, cultural institution, cultural venue.* centro de acogida = runaway shelter, refuge, shelter, homeless shelter, shelter home.* centro de acogida de animales = animal shelter.* centro de acogida de mujeres = women's shelter.* centro de actividad = focal point.* centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.* centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.* centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.* centro de asesoramiento = counselling centre.* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.* centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.* centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.* centro de audio = audio centre.* centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.* centro de barrio = neighbourhood centre.* centro de belleza = beauty centre.* centro de cálculo = computer centre, computing centre, central computing facility.* centro de catalogación = cataloguing department.* centro de computación = computing centre.* centro de comunicaciones = communications hub.* centro de congresos = conference centre, convention centre.* centro de control = locus of control, mission control.* centro de coordinación = re-routing centre.* centro de datos = data centre.* centro de deportes = sports centre.* centro de detención = detention centre.* centro de día = day care centre, day centre.* centro de día para mayores = day centre for the elderly.* centro de distribución = distribution centre.* Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).* centro de documentación = clearinghouse [clearing house], documentation centre, information centre, information unit, research centre.* centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.* centro de educación infantil = early education centre.* centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.* centro de, el = centre of, the.* centro de enseñanza = education centre.* centro de esquí artificial = dry ski centre.* centro de estudios = study centre.* Centro de Europa = Mitteleurope.* centro de gravedad = centre of gravity.* centro de información = information agency, information centre.* Centro de Información al Ciudadano = Public Information Center (PIC).* centro de información ciudadana = community information centre, neighbourhood information centre (NIC).* centro de información laboral = job information centre.* centro de información sectorial = sectoral information centre.* Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.* centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.* centro de jardinería = garden centre.* centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.* centro de las ciencias = science centre.* centro del campo = halfway line.* centro de Londres = Inner London.* centro del pueblo = town centre.* centro del visitante = visitor's centre.* centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.* centro de menores = young offender institution.* centro de mesa = epergne.* centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.* centro de orientación = referral centre.* centro de planificación familiar = family planning clinic, planned parenthood centre.* centro deportivo = sports centre.* centro de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* centro de recepción de ovejas = sheep station.* centro de recepción y envío = shipping point.* centro de reciclado = recycling centre.* centro de recursos = resource centre.* centro de recursos multimedia = media resource centre.* centro de recursos para el aprendizaje (CRA) = learning hub, learning resource centre (LRC).* centro de referencia = reference centre.* centro de rehabilitación = rehabilitation clinic, rehabilitation centre.* centro de reinserción social = half-way house.* centro de salud = health centre.* centro de trabajo = workplace.* centro de vacaciones = resort, tourist resort.* centro de vacaciones costero = coastal resort, seaside resort, seaside tourist resort.* centro de veraneo = summer resort.* centro de veraneo costero = seaside resort, coastal resort.* centro educativo = educational centre.* centro electoral = polling district.* centro financiero = financial centre.* centro industrial = manufacturing centre.* centro informático = computing centre.* Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.* centro litúrgico = church centre.* centro multimedia = library media centre, media centre.* centro multimedia escolar = school media centre, school library media centre.* centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.* Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.* centro neurálgico = powerhouse, power engine.* centro neurálgico, el = nerve centre, the.* centro penitenciario = penitentiary.* centro piloto = pilot centre.* centro recreativo = recreation centre, recreational centre.* centro regional = regional centre.* centro religioso = church centre.* centro social = community centre, village hall, social centre, drop-in centre, community hall.* centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.* centro turístico = tourist resort, resort, summer resort.* centro turístico costero = beachside resort, seaside resort, coastal resort, seaside tourist resort.* centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.* centro urbano = downtown, city centre, town centre.* conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.* del centro = middle.* el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.* en el centro de = at the heart of.* en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.* ir al centro = go + downtown.* justo en en centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.* mesa de centro = coffee table.* mesita de centro = coffee table.* no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].* pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.* pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.* período de prácticas en centros = practicum.* personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.* ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.* ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.* tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.* un centro único = one stop shop.* visita a centros profesionales = study tour.* zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].* zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.* * *I1)a) (Mat) center*b) ( área central) center*ir al centro de la ciudad — to go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)
centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)
2) ( foco)a) ( de atención) center*b) (de actividades, servicios) center*un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center
un centro turístico — an tourist resort o center
3) (establecimiento, institución) center*4) (Pol) center*5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*•II1)a) (Mat) center*b) ( área central) center*ir al centro de la ciudad — to go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)
centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)
2) ( foco)a) ( de atención) center*b) (de actividades, servicios) center*un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center
un centro turístico — an tourist resort o center
3) (establecimiento, institución) center*4) (Pol) center*5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*•* * *= centre [center, -USA], core, hub, office, locus [loci, -pl.], focal point, operation, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], pivot.Ex: Over 3,000 such centres were set up, but most had closed by 1949.
Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.Ex: And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.Ex: The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.Ex: The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.Ex: In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.Ex: The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.* barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.* biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.* centro accesible mediante Telnet = Telnet-accesible site.* centro administrativo = administrative centre.* centro artístico = art(s) centre.* Centro Bibliotecario en Línea (OCLC) = OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).* centro cívico = civic centre.* centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, shopping mall, mall, outlet mall, plaza.* centro comunitario = village hall.* centro coordinador = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub.* centro coordinador de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* centro cultural = cultural centre, cultural institution, cultural venue.* centro de acogida = runaway shelter, refuge, shelter, homeless shelter, shelter home.* centro de acogida de animales = animal shelter.* centro de acogida de mujeres = women's shelter.* centro de actividad = focal point.* centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.* centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.* centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.* centro de asesoramiento = counselling centre.* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.* centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.* centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.* centro de audio = audio centre.* centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.* centro de barrio = neighbourhood centre.* centro de belleza = beauty centre.* centro de cálculo = computer centre, computing centre, central computing facility.* centro de catalogación = cataloguing department.* centro de computación = computing centre.* centro de comunicaciones = communications hub.* centro de congresos = conference centre, convention centre.* centro de control = locus of control, mission control.* centro de coordinación = re-routing centre.* centro de datos = data centre.* centro de deportes = sports centre.* centro de detención = detention centre.* centro de día = day care centre, day centre.* centro de día para mayores = day centre for the elderly.* centro de distribución = distribution centre.* Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).* centro de documentación = clearinghouse [clearing house], documentation centre, information centre, information unit, research centre.* centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.* centro de educación infantil = early education centre.* centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.* centro de, el = centre of, the.* centro de enseñanza = education centre.* centro de esquí artificial = dry ski centre.* centro de estudios = study centre.* Centro de Europa = Mitteleurope.* centro de gravedad = centre of gravity.* centro de información = information agency, information centre.* Centro de Información al Ciudadano = Public Information Center (PIC).* centro de información ciudadana = community information centre, neighbourhood information centre (NIC).* centro de información laboral = job information centre.* centro de información sectorial = sectoral information centre.* Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.* centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.* centro de jardinería = garden centre.* centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.* centro de las ciencias = science centre.* centro del campo = halfway line.* centro de Londres = Inner London.* centro del pueblo = town centre.* centro del visitante = visitor's centre.* centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.* centro de menores = young offender institution.* centro de mesa = epergne.* centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.* centro de orientación = referral centre.* centro de planificación familiar = family planning clinic, planned parenthood centre.* centro deportivo = sports centre.* centro de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* centro de recepción de ovejas = sheep station.* centro de recepción y envío = shipping point.* centro de reciclado = recycling centre.* centro de recursos = resource centre.* centro de recursos multimedia = media resource centre.* centro de recursos para el aprendizaje (CRA) = learning hub, learning resource centre (LRC).* centro de referencia = reference centre.* centro de rehabilitación = rehabilitation clinic, rehabilitation centre.* centro de reinserción social = half-way house.* centro de salud = health centre.* centro de trabajo = workplace.* centro de vacaciones = resort, tourist resort.* centro de vacaciones costero = coastal resort, seaside resort, seaside tourist resort.* centro de veraneo = summer resort.* centro de veraneo costero = seaside resort, coastal resort.* centro educativo = educational centre.* centro electoral = polling district.* centro financiero = financial centre.* centro industrial = manufacturing centre.* centro informático = computing centre.* Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.* centro litúrgico = church centre.* centro multimedia = library media centre, media centre.* centro multimedia escolar = school media centre, school library media centre.* centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.* Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.* centro neurálgico = powerhouse, power engine.* centro neurálgico, el = nerve centre, the.* centro penitenciario = penitentiary.* centro piloto = pilot centre.* centro recreativo = recreation centre, recreational centre.* centro regional = regional centre.* centro religioso = church centre.* centro social = community centre, village hall, social centre, drop-in centre, community hall.* centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.* centro turístico = tourist resort, resort, summer resort.* centro turístico costero = beachside resort, seaside resort, coastal resort, seaside tourist resort.* centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.* centro urbano = downtown, city centre, town centre.* conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.* del centro = middle.* el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.* en el centro de = at the heart of.* en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.* ir al centro = go + downtown.* justo en en centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.* mesa de centro = coffee table.* mesita de centro = coffee table.* no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].* pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.* pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.* período de prácticas en centros = practicum.* personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.* ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.* ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.* tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.* un centro único = one stop shop.* visita a centros profesionales = study tour.* zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].* zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.* * *A1 ( Mat) center*2 (área central) center*en el centro de la habitación in the middle o center of the roomel terremoto afectó al centro del país the earthquake affected the central region o the center of the countrylos países del centro de Europa the countries of Central Europevive en pleno centro de la ciudad she lives right in the center of the town/citytengo que ir al centro a hacer unas compras I have to go downtown to do some shopping ( AmE), I have to go into town o into the town centre to do some shopping ( BrE)Compuestos:center* of gravitymidfieldcenterpiece*nerve center*center* of power(de una organización) nerve center*; (de una ciudad) heartB (foco)1 (de atención) center*ha sido el centro de todos los comentarios it has been the main talking pointfueron el centro de todas las miradas all eyes were on themse ha convertido estos días en el centro de interés it has become the focus of attention recentlyfue el centro de atracción durante la fiesta she was the center of attention at the partyha hecho de su marido el centro de su existencia she has centered her life around her husband2 (de actividades, servicios) center*centro administrativo administrative centerun gran centro cultural/industrial a major cultural/industrial centerCompuestos:center* of interest to touristscall center*operations center*, operations room ( BrE)urban center*, population center*holiday center*( AmL) leisure center*tourist resort o center*C (establecimiento, institución) center*el centro anglo-peruano the Anglo-Peruvian centerCompuestos:civic center*(en Esp) private school o college ( which receives a state subsidy)( Méx) marketcentro de acogidade animales abandonados animal sanctuarycentro de acogida de menores abandonados children's refugecentro de acogida para mujeres maltratadas refuge for battered womencentro de acogida de refugiados reception center* for refugeessupport center*primary care center*call center*user support center*help center*computer center*control center*conference center*coordination center*cost center*cultural center*detention center*spy headquartersprivate school, academymanagement center*information center*detention center*research center*, research establishmentspeech therapy clinic( Esp) high-tech leisure center*family planning clinicsports center*detention center*health center*service center*telecommunications center*space center*( frml); hospitalmedical center*( AmL) leisure center*leisure center*( frml); hospitalD ( Pol) center*E (en fútbol) tbcentro chut cross, center*F* * *
Del verbo centrar: ( conjugate centrar)
centro es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
centró es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
centrar
centro
centrar ( conjugate centrar) verbo transitivo
c) ‹atención/investigación/esfuerzos› centro algo en algo to focus sth on sth
verbo intransitivo (Dep) to center( conjugate center), cross
centrarse verbo pronominal centrose en algo [investigación/atención/esfuerzos] to focus o center( conjugate center) on sth
centro sustantivo masculino
◊ centro ciudad/urbano downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE);
ser el centro de atención to be the center of attention;
se convirtió en el centro de interés it became the focus of attention;
centro turístico tourist resort o center;
centro comercial shopping mall (AmE), shopping centre (BrE);
centro de llamadas call center (AmE) o centre (BrE);
centro de planificación familiar family planning clinic
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino ( jugador) center( conjugate center);
centrar verbo transitivo
1 to centre, US center
2 (los esfuerzos, la atención) to concentrate, centre, US center
centro sustantivo masculino
1 middle, centre, US center
2 (de una ciudad) town centre
3 (institución) institution, centre, US center
4 Pol centre party
5 centro comercial, shopping centre
' centro' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ahorrar
- Cesid
- CIS
- ciudad
- consejo
- delantera
- delantero
- docente
- foco
- gravedad
- media
- medio
- mitad
- neurálgica
- neurálgico
- ombligo
- retención
- almendra
- base
- blanco
- comercial
- deportivo
- diana
- hacia
- hípico
- lejos
- mesa
- mismo
- para
- polo
- posta
- preescolar
- rematar
- retirado
- señalización
- señalizar
- trámite
English:
accessible
- barrage
- central
- centre
- centre forward
- city
- community centre
- core
- delay
- downtown
- garden centre
- heart
- hub
- inner city
- institute
- leisure centre
- mall
- middle
- out
- revolve
- ROTC
- run across
- shopping centre
- slap
- space-centre
- spotlight
- teaching centre
- town
- village hall
- walk about
- welfare centre
- call
- center
- clinic
- coffee
- community
- conference
- control
- facility
- focal
- focus
- garden
- health
- holiday
- home
- inner
- leisure
- midtown
- plaza
- polling
* * *centro nm1. [área, punto central] centre;en el centro de la vía in the middle of the track;estaba en el centro de la muchedumbre she was in the middle of the crowd;las lluvias afectarán al centro del país the rain will affect the central region o centre of the country;la jardinería es el centro de su existencia her life revolves around gardeningcentro de atención centre of attention;centro de atracción centre of attraction;las playas son el centro de atracción para el turismo beaches are the main tourist attraction;centro de gravedad centre of gravity;centro de interés centre of interest;Fís centro de masa centre of mass;centro de mesa centrepiece;centro nervioso nerve centre;también Fig centro neurálgico nerve centre; Fís centro óptico optical centre2. [de ciudad] town centre;me voy al centro I'm going to town;tengo una casa en pleno centro I have a house right in the town centre;centro histórico = old (part of) town3. [económico, administrativo] centre;un importante centro financiero/cultural an important financial/cultural centrecentro turístico tourist resort4. [establecimiento, organismo] centre;[planta] plant, factory; [tienda] branch; [colegio] school Esp centro de acogida reception centre; Esp centro de acogida para mujeres maltratadas refuge for battered women;centro asistencial de día day care centre;centro de atención telefónica call centre;centro de cálculo computer centre;centro cívico community centre;Am centro comunal community centre; Am centro comunitario community centre;centro concertado state-subsidized (private) school;centro de control control centre;centro cultural cultural centre;centro demográfico centre of population;centro deportivo sports centre;centro de desintoxicación detoxification centre o clinic;centro de detención detention centre;centro docente educational institution;centro educativo educational institution;centro de enseñanza educational institution;centro espacial space centre;centro de estudios academy, school;centro excursionista hill-walking club;centro hospitalario hospital;centro de información information centre;centro de investigación research institute;Esp Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas = government body responsible for conducting opinion polls, sociological surveys etc;centro de llamadas call centre;Mil centro de mando command centre;centro médico medical centre;centro meteorológico weather centre;centro de negocios business centre;centro penitenciario prison, US penitentiary;centro de planificación familiar family planning clinic;centro regional regional office;centro de rehabilitación rehabilitation centre;centro de salud clinic, Br health centre;centro sanitario clinic, Br health centre;centro social community centre;centro de trabajo workplace;Am centro de tratamiento intensivo intensive care unit5. [en política] centre;un partido de centro a centre party;ser de centro to be at the centre of the political spectrumjuega en el centro del campo he plays in midfieldenvió un centro al área contraria he crossed the ball into the opposition's penalty area;consiguió un espectacular gol con un centro chut he scored a spectacular goal with what was intended more as a cross than a shot* * *m1 center, Brcentre2 DEP cross* * *centro nmf: center (in sports)centro nm1) medio: centercentro de atención: center of attentioncentro de gravedad: center of gravity2) : downtown3)centro de mesa : centerpiece* * *centro n centre -
17 nurse
1. nounKrankenschwester, die2. transitive verb[male] nurse — Krankenpfleger, der
1) (act as nurse to) pflegen [Kranke]2) (suckle) die Brust geben (+ Dat.), stillen [Säugling]3) (cradle) vorsichtig halten; wiegen [Baby]4) (treat carefully)3. intransitive verbnurse gently/carefully — behutsam od. schonend umgehen mit
1) (act as wet-nurse) stillen2) (be a sick-nurse) Krankenschwester/-pfleger sein* * *[nə:s] 1. noun1) (a person who looks after sick or injured people in hospital: She wants to be a nurse.) der/die Krankenpfleger(in)2) (a person, usually a woman, who looks after small children: The children have gone out with their nurse.) die Kinderfrau2. verb1) (to look after sick or injured people, especially in a hospital: He was nursed back to health.) pflegen3) (to hold with care: She was nursing a kitten.) hätscheln•- academic.ru/50818/nursery">nursery- nursing
- nursemaid
- nurseryman
- nursery rhyme
- nursery school
- nursing-home* * *[nɜ:s, AM nɜ:rs]I. nII. vt1. (care for)▪ to \nurse sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier pflegento \nurse sb/an animal back to health jdn/ein Tier wieder gesund pflegento \nurse a patient einen Patienten pflegen2. (heal)▪ to \nurse sth etw [aus]kurierento \nurse a cold eine Erkältung auskurieren3. (tend)4. (nurture)to \nurse the hope in sb that... in jdm die Hoffnung nähren, dass...to \nurse a plan einen Plan hegen5. (harbour)to \nurse a feeling for sb/sth ein Gefühl für jdn/etw hegento \nurse a grudge against sb einen Groll gegen jdn hegen6. (cradle)to \nurse a baby ein Baby [vorsichtig] im Arm haltenshe \nursed him in her arms till he fell asleep sie wiegte ihn in ihren Armen, bis er einschlief7. (with glass)he was sitting in the pub nursing an almost empty glass of beer er saß in der Kneipe bei einem fast leeren Glas Bier8. (suckle)to \nurse a child ein Kind stillenIII. vi in der Krankenpflege arbeiten* * *[nɜːs]1. nSchwester f; (as professional title) Krankenschwester f; (= nanny) Kindermädchen nt, Kinderfrau f; (= wet nurse) Amme f2. vt1) sb pflegen; plant also hegen; (fig) plan hegen; hope, wrath etc hegen, nähren (geh); fire bewachen; (= treat carefully) schonen; business sorgsam verwaltento nurse a cold — an einer Erkältung herumlaborieren (inf)
he stood there nursing his bruised arm — er stand da und hielt seinen verletzten Arm
3. vi(baby) gestillt werden* * *A s1. (Säug)Amme f2. Kindermädchen n3. (Kranken)Schwester f, (-)Pfleger m:nurse’s aide Schwesternhelferin f, Hilfspfleger m4. a) Stillen n, Stillzeit fb) Pflege:at nurse in Pflege;put out to nurse Kinder in Pflege geben5. fig Nährerin f, Nährmutter f6. ZOOL Arbeiterin f, Arbeitsbiene f7. AGR Strauch oder Baum, der eine junge Pflanze schützt8. ZOOL Amme f (ungeschlechtlicher Organismus)B v/t2. ein Kind auf-, großziehen3. Kranke pflegen:nurse sb back to health jemanden gesund pflegen4. a) eine Krankheit auskurierenb) seine Stimme etc schonen6. fig Gefühle etca) hegen, nährenb) entfachen7. fig nähren, fördernnurse a glass of wine sich an einem Glas Wein festhalten umgC v/i1. stillen2. die Brust nehmen (Säugling)3. als Krankenschwester oder Krankenpfleger tätig sein* * *1. nounKrankenschwester, die2. transitive verb[male] nurse — Krankenpfleger, der
1) (act as nurse to) pflegen [Kranke]2) (suckle) die Brust geben (+ Dat.), stillen [Säugling]3) (cradle) vorsichtig halten; wiegen [Baby]3. intransitive verbnurse gently/carefully — behutsam od. schonend umgehen mit
1) (act as wet-nurse) stillen2) (be a sick-nurse) Krankenschwester/-pfleger sein* * *n.Kindermädchen n.Kinderschwester f.Krankenpflegerin f.Krankenschwester f.Pflegerin f. v.großziehen v.pflegen v.stillen v. -
18 fragile
(easily broken: a fragile glass vase.) frágilfragile adj frágiltr['fræʤaɪl]1 frágil2 figurative use (health) delicado,-afragile ['fræʤəl, -.ʤaɪl] adj: frágiladj.• deleznable adj.• delicado, -a adj.• endeble adj.• frágil adj.• quebradizo, -a adj.• rompedero, -a adj.'frædʒəl, 'frædʒaɪla) <object/china/glass> frágil; <relationship/link/agreement> precario, frágilfragile, handle with care — cuidado, frágil
['frædʒaɪl]ADJ1) (=easily broken) [glass, china, object] frágilfragile, handle with care — cuidado, frágil
2) (=delicate, fine) [plant, beauty, person] delicado3) (=frail) [person] débil; [health] delicado, precario4) (=unstable) [peace, democracy, relationship] precario, frágilthe fragile state of the economy — el precario or frágil estado de la economía
* * *['frædʒəl, 'frædʒaɪl]a) <object/china/glass> frágil; <relationship/link/agreement> precario, frágilfragile, handle with care — cuidado, frágil
-
19 riguardare
"to concern;Betreffen;ser referente a"* * *look at again( rivedere) review, look at( riferirsi) be about, concernper quanto riguarda... as far as... is concernednon ti riguarda it's none of your business, it doesn't concern you* * *riguardare v.tr.1 to look at (s.o., sthg.) (again); ( con attenzione) to examine: ho riguardato il tuo lavoro e mi pare sia soddisfacente, I have examined your work and it seems to be satisfactory; non ho trovato nessun errore, comunque lo riguarderò, I haven't found any mistakes, however I shall look at it again; riguardare un conto, to examine (o to check) an account3 ( concernere) to regard, to concern: questo non ti riguarda, this does not concern you (o this is no concern of yours); sono problemi che non ti riguardano, these problems are no concern of yours; il caso riguarda ormai la magistratura, the case is now a matter for the courts; per quanto riguarda questa faccenda, as regards this matter (o as far as this matter is concerned); per quel che mi riguarda, as far as I am concerned (o as for me)4 ( custodire, aver cura di) to take* care of, to look after: è una pianta delicata, riguardala dalle correnti, it's a delicate plant, keep it out of draughts.◘ riguardarsi v.rifl. ( proteggere la propria salute) to take* care of oneself, to look after oneself; to protect oneself (against sthg.); to keep* away (from sthg.), to be careful (of sthg.): deve riguardare dal freddo, he must protect himself against the cold; si riguarda molto, he takes great care of himself; riguardati, look after yourself (o take care of yourself); riguardati dalle correnti d'aria, keep away from draughts.* * *[riɡwar'dare]1. vt1) (concernere) to concern, regardè un libro che riguarda la vita dei contadini — it's a book which deals with o looks at the life of country people
2) (curare, tenere da conto) to look after, take care of3) (guardare di nuovo) to look at again, take another look at, (controllare) to check2. vr (riguardarsi)(aver cura di sé) to look after o.s., take care of o.s.* * *[rigwar'dare] 1.verbo transitivo1) (concernere) to concern [ persona]non mi riguarda affatto! — it's o that's not my problem! this is no concern of mine!
per quanto riguarda i bambini — in o with regard to the children, as for the children
riguardare qcn., qcs. — to look at sb., sth. again
3) (rivedere) to go* over [ documenti]; to check through [ conti]2.verbo pronominale riguardarsi to look after one's health, to take* care of oneself* * *riguardare/rigwar'dare/ [1]1 (concernere) to concern [ persona]; la tassa riguarda i beni di lusso the tax applies to luxury goods; per quanto mi riguarda as far as I am concerned; non mi riguarda affatto! it's o that's not my problem! this is no concern of mine! per quanto riguarda i bambini in o with regard to the children, as for the children2 (guardare di nuovo) riguardare qcn., qcs. to look at sb., sth. againII riguardarsi verbo pronominaleto look after one's health, to take* care of oneself. -
20 neglect
neglect [nɪˈglekt][+ person, animal] délaisser ; [+ garden, house, car, machinery] ne pas entretenir ; [+ rule, law, advice] ne tenir aucun compte de ; [+ duty, obligation, promise] manquer à ; [+ business, work, hobby, one's health] négliger ; [+ opportunity] laisser passer2. noun[of duty, obligation] manquement m (of à)• the building collapsed after years of neglect le bâtiment, à l'abandon depuis des années, s'est écroulé* * *[nɪ'glekt] 1.1) ( lack of care) ( of person) négligence f; (of building, garden equipment) manque m d'entretien; (of health, appearance) manque m de soin2) ( lack of interest) indifférence f (of à l'égard de)2.transitive verb1) ( fail to care for) ne pas s'occuper de [person, dog, plant]; ne pas entretenir [garden, house]; négliger [health, appearance]2) ( ignore) négliger [problem, friend, artist, subject, work]; se désintéresser de [industry, economy, sector]; ne pas tenir compte de [needs, wishes]; ignorer [offer, opportunity]3) ( fail)3.
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